MMSL 2016, 85(4):147-163 | DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2016.027

LEAD EXPOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHReview article

Jiří Patočka ORCID...1,3*, Kamil Kuča ORCID...2,3
1 Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
2 Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
3 Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Lead (Pb), which is widely used in industry, is a common element found in low concentrations in the Earth's crust. Lead has been used since prehistoric times. As a highly toxic heavy metal, the pollution and exposure risks of lead are of widespread concern for human health. This environmental contaminant causing irreversible health effects mainly in children. Especially children under the age of six are most at risk for lead poisoning. Lead toxicity causes hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological dysfunction. Symptoms are usually noted with blood lead greater than 2 μmol/litre. Severe or prolonged exposure may also cause chronic nephropathy, hypertension, and reproductive impairment. Lead inhibits some enzymes, alters cellular calcium metabolism, stimulates synthesis of binding proteins in kidney, brain, and bone, and slows down nerve conduction. The emission sources and pathological effects of lead are discussed.

Keywords: lead; lead toxicity; lead poisoning; environmental exposure; epidemiologic studies

Received: June 30, 2016; Revised: September 8, 2016; Published: December 16, 2016  Show citation

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Patočka, J., & Kuča, K. (2016). LEAD EXPOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. MMSL, 85(4), 147-163. doi: 10.31482/mmsl.2016.027
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