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Essential oils can be used in a variety of ways to treat microorganisms that have evolved antibiotic resistance. The research assessed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from Citrus Limonum, Citrus reticulate, and Citrus sinensis fresh peels using the hydro-distillation method. Their chemical compositions were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Citrus oils had antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and their activity was increased with increasing concentrations. Oils had a significant antimicrobial effect on tested bacteria except on P. aeruginosa only C. Limonum had significant (p≤0.05) inhibitory effects at both 100 and 200 mg/ml. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the inhibition zone of tested oils against A. baumannii and ciprofloxacin at 25 mg/ml, which was the same as against E. coli at 200 mg/ml. The oil inhibitory effect on K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. aureus was less than that obtained from ciprofloxacin at concentrations used.  At 100 mg/mL, C. reticulate oil had a 23 mm inhibitory zone, while C. sinensis oil had a 23 mm inhibitory zone at 200 mg/mL, which was the same as the inhibitory area of ciprofloxacin against S. marcescens. Oils had convergent antifungal activity against Candida albicans that increased with increasing concentrations. The extracts competed favorably with voriconazole being used as a positive control. Citrus oils had convergent scavenging activities at the concentrations used. The studies confirmed the medicinal and industrial use of citrus essential oils as a therapeutic and antioxidant agent.

Introduction: Olive (Olea uropeae) is a traditional plant containing oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which are useful and used empirically for treating diabetes mellitus.Objective: To review the potential of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol as an evidence base for diabetes potential treatment and safety.Methods: This chapter summarizes several studies available on Pubmed and Google Scholar regarding the characteristic method and extraction method as well as the effectiveness and toxicity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in vitro and in vivo.Result: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are effective antihyperglycemics for treating T2D. They can reduce body weight, basal glycemia, and insulin resistance by stopping the liver from making glucose and stopping the body from absorbing glucose. Several studies have shown that both isolates can control glycemic levels equivalent to free fatty acids and are safe to use.Conclusion: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are extracted by several methods and can be used as potential anti-diabetics with obesity risk factors. Evidence shows that both isolates are safe for both acute and chronic use.

The purpose of the research consisted of assessing the modification produced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress (OS) on the ketorolac therapeutic effects in the chickens which are the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. A significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and subsequent occurrence of OS was observed in the stressed (H₂O₂) group on days 7^th, 10^th, and 14^th by 39, 29, and 41%, respectively in comparison to the control (non-stressed) group. The analgesic effect of ketorolac in the stressed group had more intense in comparison to the non-stressed group, the analgesic effectiveness of ketorolac raised by 16% in that group. In the non-stressed and stressed groups, ketorolac produces its antipyretic effect at 3 and 4 hours after fever induction by baker’s yeast while it shows the effect significantly at 1, 2, and 4 hours. Furthermore, ketorolac has the superiority of antipyretic action in stressed group over the non-stressed group. Ketorolac carries out anti-inflammatory activity in the stressed and non-stressed groups by 61 and 75%, respectively. Ketorolac has a significant anti-inflammatory property in the stressed group through a significant decrease in the delta thickness compared to the non-stressed group. The stressed group was treated with ketorolac for five consecutive days signifi-cantly affect the kidney and liver function concerning the non-stressed group. The net findings proposed the ability of H²O²-induced OS to alter ketorolac’s analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties in the chickens thus, it is recommended to reduce the dose of ketorolac intended to be given to stressed animals involved.

Background and objectives: Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology of ischemic heart disease. There are many aggravating metabolic and oxidant parameters which are participating together overwhelming the pathology of vascular stenosis. Adipokines play a positive metabolic effect in healthy individuals and oxidation reaction greatly impacts the lipid metabolism and might negatively impact the condition. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the level of adiponectin, obestatin, and redox parameters in atherosclerotic patients.Methods: Serum was collected from atherosclerotic patients and froze to be ready for analysis.Results: The results indicated that hyperlipidemia significantly reduced adiponectin, obestatin, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) together with a significant increase in oxidant byproduct (malondialdehyde) and modulated lipid parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein).Conclusion: The study concluded that atherosclerosis is associated with reduced antioxidant enzymes, obestatin, and adiponectin levels and increased lipid levels. These parameters play a great role in the patho-logical status of coronary stenosis.

The issue of lone wolfs or a lone-actor terrorists become a serious and actual security problem that does not have an easy solution. The non-organized attackers are able to target any site at any time and they can become indoctrinated by internet and a contact with a terrorist group is not a condition of their activity. Currently, all countries over the world has to prepare for an eventuality of an attack. Some regions are hardly burdened by the attackers and preparation of countermeasures is a crucial task for law enforcement units. This review paper summarizes basic knowledge in the field of lone wolfs regarding to psychological and social aspects, distinguishes basic types of attacks and discuses effectivity of countermeasures.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disorder manifested by joint damage due to inflammation and autoimmunity which in turn has significant impacts on a patient's lifestyle. During disease, inflammation occurs due to activation of different immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for RA is drug therapy. However, drug options are limited due to their negative effects and the possibility of reducing therapeutic benefits over time. Therefore, an effective and tolerable alternative therapy is needed. Several natural products have been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects by affecting multiple molecular targets such as transcription factors and cytokines. Cinnamon, an aromatic plant, is a popular spice used for cooking and in traditional medicine all over the world. Cinnamon is composed mostly of essential oils and various components, such as cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. This review demonstrates the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon components in various preclinical and clinical studies illustrating their potential role in the treatment of RA.

Background: The level of pro-inflammatory Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD 68) could be beneficial for examination as a biomarker for identifying cartilage or knee tissue degradation in joint problems. Because Cluster of Differentiation 68 appears to be linked to cell damage in the injury area, its measurement may be an effective and sensitive tool for detecting the early development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in people at risk for knee osteoarthritis.Aim of the study: The study aimed to evaluate which type of PRP (Pure-PRP and leukocyte-PRP) are suitable for patients with KOA via assessing the levels of serum CD 68 concentration.Materials and Methods: Serum Cluster of Differentiation 68 level was computed using ELISA kits. The experimental study comprises 21 pure-platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) injections,11 leukocytes platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) injections, and  16 control groups. Ranged from 35- 75 years old. All patients with diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, and severe knee osteoarthritis were excluded from this study. The period of the study was between November 2021 to June 2022. This study assessed other factors such as age, sex, family inheritance, and body mass index (BMI). The level of CD 68 was measured in the serum before and after the injection for six weeks.Results: The level of the study showed CD 68 elevated before injection in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A significant decrease of CD 68 (P< 0.01-P<0.001) in the serum concentration after injection as compared to before injection. However, the concentration was significantly higher than the control.Conclusions: In conclusion, both P-PRP and L-PRP demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. Patients in both groups experienced a significant decrease in CD 68 serum levels, however, the P-PRP was more effective than the L-PRP.

Smart hydrogels are special type of hydrogels that undergo solution-gelation transition in response to alterations in the environment. Solution-gel transformation is brought about through either physical or chemical cross-linking that occur between the hydrogel chains. Various stimulating factors have been identified to be responsible for the change in the physical state of the intelligent hydrogel. The most important triggering factors are the temperature, pH, ions, electrical signalling, magnetic field, glucose, light and others. Each of these stimulating factors can trigger the swelling of the hydrogel through unique mechanism. Many of these triggering factors are characteristics of the biological systems which make the smart polymers quite beneficial for different biomedical applications. Numerous natural and synthetic polymers have been distinguished to act as smart materials. These polymers impressed the scientists to use them in many biomedical and industrial applications such as drug delivery systems, gene therapy applications, tissue engineering and many other applications.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of 1% and 2% topical nifedipine ointments on TGF–β and the acceleration of facial skin wound healing in rabbits. Nifedipine ointments of 1% and 2% were prepared. Fifty healthy male rabbits were involved and distributed into two groups according to the study period: group A (7 days) and group B (14 days). Each group was subdivided into five groups (5 rabbits/group): Group I (Normal): rabbits did not undergo a surgical procedure and did not receive treatment; group II (negative control): rabbits had surgical wounds without treatment; group III (positive control): rabbits had surgical wounds with white petroleum treatment; group IV(nifedipine 1%): rabbits had surgical wounds with nifedipine 1% ointment treatment; and group V(nifedipine 2%): rabbits had surgical wounds with nifedipine 2% ointment treatment. Following euthanasia, blood samples (5 ml) were collected from all animals for TGF–β analysis using an ELISA kit. The TGF–β level in NFD 1% group was significantly higher on the 7^th and14^th day of the study associated with a higher rate of wound closure in comparison to other groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine 1% ointment has beneficial value for improving wound healing, while nifedipine NFD 2% has no such effect.

Cancer disease has a complicated pathophysiology and is one of the major causes of death and morbidity. Classical cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. A typical treatment is chemotherapy, which delivers cytotoxic medications to patients to suppress the uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells. Conventional oral medication has a number of drawbacks, including a lack of selectivity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance, all of which offer significant obstacles to effective cancer treatment. Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major challenge for effective cancer chemotherapeutic interventions. The advent of nanotechnology approach has developed the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment. Cancer nanotechnology enables direct access to tumor cells, resulting in enhanced drug localization and cellular uptake. Since the early 1990’s, several solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) or SLN-based systems for the delivery of cytotoxic drugs have been manufactured and tested with success. High shear homogenization, microemulsion-based SLN, Supercritical fluid technology, spray drying, and solvent emulsification/evaporation methods can all be used to successfully formulate SLN.There is great potential to enhance cancer chemotherapy by incorporating it into a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) drug delivery system. Improving tumor diffusivity, improvement of body distribution, and inhibiting MDR are the main attributes. This type of review article discusses advantages and disadvantages of SLNs, their production techniques, and their potential usage in the treatment of various cancers.

Background: Hydatidosis is a deadly parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. It has received much attention due to widespread health and economic concerns. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three hydatid cysts from the slaughterhouse and butcher shops were analyzed, 17 from the lung and 16 from the liver. The specimens were collected from hydatid fluid and grown on nutritional agar and MacConkey agar using a sterile loop. A Vitek- 2 compact instrument was used to identify bacteria. The viability of the protoscoleces was also determined in these hydatid cysts. Results: The secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts was 24 (72.7%) from a total of thirty-three samples. Several types of bacteria have been isolated from hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts. Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest infection rate in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reaching 20.83% while the lowest infection rate was 4.17% for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus garvieae, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas stutzer and Vibro vulnificus. Staphylococcus lentus and Lactococcus garvieae had the highest effect on the viability of protoscoleces in liver and lung, reaching 0%, and 13% respectively. Eleven of a total of 13 types of bacteria isolated from hydatid cysts in the liver and lung: were diagnosed for the first time and had not previously been recognized by earlier investigation. The rates of bacterial infection in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were 76.47% and 68.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our current study indicate that the secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reached (72.7%), and different types of bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts have a clear effect on the viability of protoscoleces.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to see how systemic vitamin D3 supplementation affected the durability of dental implants as assessed by radiofrequency analysis.Methods: This split-mouth clinical trial included a total of twelve patients seeking dental implant therapy, ranging in age from 25 to 50 years. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Each patient in both groups received dental implants in posterior maxillary extraction sites. The radiofrequency analysis (RFA) was conducted using Osstell Mentor device to evaluate the stability of dental implant at various time points.Results: During the three months of the trial, substantial differences between the treatment and control groups were detected according to osstell meter device at the time of insertion (primary stability) and 3 months later (secondary stability).Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation has a positive effect on dental implant stability.

Introduction: The present study aims to determine the contamination of eighteen samples from different nuts and dried fruits from the markets of Mosul and Duhok city.Materials and Methods: This study included samples of local and imported nuts and dried fruits.Results: The study showed different genera of contaminant fungi such as Alternaria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species which are very common fungi associated with samples. The most fungal contamination was found in pistachio and black raisins, followed by balahsisi, taffy raisins, yellow raisins, dried apricot and peanut with shell. A total of nine species of Aspergillus were isolated on (potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar and dichloran rose bengal agar) media A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarii, A. aculeatus, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. japonicus, A. ochraceus were detected from all types of nuts and dried fruits samples. The most frequent species were A. niger followed by A. flavus and A. fumigates with percentage frequencies of 45.2%, 20.3% and 13.9% respectively. The ability of toxicogenic fungi to produce AflatoxinB1 by ELISA test of Sunlong corporation in nuts and dried fruits samples ranged from 94.8 to 136.4 µg/kg, with the highest levels of ability to produce AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples (peanut with shell, sunflower seeds and walnut) at levels 135.8, 129.0, and 128.9 µg/kg respectively, while in dried fruits samples the highest ability to produce AflatoxinB1in dried apricot, taffy raisins and yellow raisins was at levels136.4,123.1 and 118.0 µg/kg, respectively.Conclusion: we conducted the fungal contamination and  quantitative content of aflatoxin B1 in nuts and dried fruits notably those sold openly in food shops.

Background: The rapid loss of kidney function is known as nephrotoxicity. The harmful effects of medications may cause this. Amikacin-related nephrotoxicity is an excellent illustration of such a case. Amikacin is a synthetic aminoglycoside that works against the majority of gram-negative bacteria and, in some circumstances, can be harmful to the kidneys. One of the many methods used to prevent or decrease this toxicity is the use of antioxidant substances with amikacin. Beta carotene is an antioxidant carotenoid pigment.The aim of the current study: is to illustrate the ameliorative effect of beta carotene against the nephrotoxicity caused by amikacin when given before or during the treatment of amikacin. The study also evaluates the nephrotoxicity evoked by amikacin.Material and Methods: Five groups of animals were used (seven rats in each group): the control group, the amikacin group, the beta carotene group, the beta carotene with the amikacin group, and the group given beta carotene first, then added amikacin later together with the beta carotene.Results: The results of the current study demonstrate that when comparing the amikacin-treated group to the control group, there was a significant elevation (p ˂ 0.05) of serum creatinine and urea levels. The results also showed that when comparing the amikacin -treated group to the group treated with beta carotene during amikacin treatment for 14 days, there was a significant reduction (p ˂ 0.05) in serum creatinine and urea levels. Furthermore, in comparison of the amikacin -treated group to the group treated with beta carotene only for 9 days and continued with amikacin for 14 days, there was a significant reduction (p ˂ 0.05) in serum creatinine and urea levels. Also, there were significant decreases (near normal) in serum creatinine and urea. Histological findings confirmed these findings; there was damage to renal tissue in the amikacin -treated group, whereas groups treated with beta carotene and amikacin showed improvements in histological images.Discussion and conclusion: According to the results of renal function tests and histological findings, treatment with AMK only causes renal toxicity in rats, and when rats are treated with BC before and during AMK treatment or even only during AMK treatment, BC can prevent this renal toxicity by decreasing serum urea and creatinine levels, which, in agreement with the previous study, leads us to conclude that BC offers significant protection against AMK-induced nephrotoxicity, The results also showed the efficiency of two methods of administration of beta carotene in giving the required protection against renal toxicity (not preferring one method over the other).

Nasal immunisation represents an innovative and perspective route of vaccine administration that provides many benefits compared to the more traditional approaches. Since most infections start on mucosal membranes, the mucosal immunisation provides a rational reason for its application. Mucosal delivery for vaccine administration (for example oral or nasal routes) could stimulate both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, there are still some limitations that should be solved for a broader utilisation of this approach. There is still the necessity to use strongly immunogenic antigens or appropriate adjuvants for the induction of a strong immune response. The use of nanoparticles in the vaccine development could represent a promising approach for the mucosal vaccine research. Nanoparticles could thus serve as delivery vehicles providing to vaccines their unique properties, such as the antigen stabilisation and protection, serve as an adjuvant and elicit an antigen-specific immune response on the target sites.

Background: Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used to alleviate inflammatory signs and symptoms. It is a potent acidic drug that presents mainly in unionized form in the stomach, thus it has a high permeability through the stomach, but poor aqueous solubility. This study, tried to explore the application of hydrotropes to improve the solubility of piroxicam by using different concentrations of the hydrotropic agent sodium benzoate.Methods: Maximum absorbance of piroxicam and its calibration curve was determined using methanol as a solvent, saturated solubility of piroxicam in distilled water and in various concentrations of sodium benzoate 5%, 10%, 15% was measured.Results: The results showed that saturated solubility of piroxicam in aqueous solutions of 5%, 10%, and 15% of sodium benzoate was 19, 53, and 89 time respectively greater than its solubility in distilled water.Conclusion: There was a clear improvement in the solubility of piroxicam with the addition of the hydrotropic agent sodium benzoate, and that solubility increased with more increase in the concentration of the hydrotropic agent.

Background: The knee is the predominant weight-bearing joint affected by osteoarthritis, and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the 11^th significant cause of disability. As life expectancy has increased, the need for knee replacement procedures has grown, putting a major financial burden on patients and healthcare systems. Intra-articular (IA) injection of platelet rich plasma (PRP) promises to be a potential method in research for the more preservative and biological strategies to treat this chronic degenerative condition. PRP has expected to contain a high number of growth factors and proteins involved in tissue repair mechanisms.Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of intra-articular injections (IAIs) pure-PRP and their dosage regimen efficacy in patients with mild and moderate knee OA.Material and method: This study included 33 patients (11 male and 22 female). The patient groups included 16 with mild and 17 with moderate knee osteoarthritis. With ages ranged from 32 to 66 years old. These patients were divided into three groups based on dosage (12 received a single injection, 11 received a double injection, and 10 received a triple injection), with a two-week interval between injections. The outcome was measured using WOMAC index for pain, stiffness, and daily functional limitation, as well as laboratory testing for TNF-alpha using the Eliza technique. All the patients were assessed at baseline and after three months of injection. The study was designed as non-randomized controlled trial study during November 2021 to May 2022 at Al-imam Ali hospital, Babylon governorate, Iraq.Results: Regarding severity, In both mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis, serum TNF-alpha was significantly lower after treatment (p < 0.001). All WOMAC scores were showed significantly lower levels after treatment with pure-PRP as compared with their levels before treatment (p ≤ 0.001, Regarding the number of injections, all patients who received a single injection, double injections, and triple injections showed a significant decrease in the serum TNF-alpha and WOMAC scores (p 0.05) in both mild and moderate patients. The triple injections were more effective than double and single injections.Conclusions: In conclusion, the treatment with pure-PRP was safe and satisfactory for patients in terms of relieving clinical symptoms. The WOMAC scores has indicated that  improvement in pain relief for patients after injection and could act as an anti-inflammatory, as inflammatory marker TNF-alpha was reduced after injection, and there was a superior outcome to increasing dose numbers, as triple injection gave a positive outcome in both mild and moderate KOA when compared to single and double injection.

The most vital factors that hostile health human are toxic heavy metals (THMs). Heavy metals are harmful environmental contaminants that can decrease the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and afterwards impede a healthy birth. Both paternal and maternal toxic metal exposure could influence pregnancy, So the rates of pregnancy failure are constantly rising. The current study's goal is to explore the effect of Pеrоxirеdоxin 3 antioxidant, as well as some toxic metals (TMs) such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury in missed abortion patients and compared with healthy pregnant and non˗pregnant women without a history of abortion in order to evaluate the degree of this effect on this pathological situation. Additionally, it will demonstrate the connection between these biochemical variables and gestational age. Pеrоxirеdоxin 3 (Prx3), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg) as a (THMs) were estimated in 40 healthy non˗pregnant (HNP) women, 40 healthy prеgnаnts (HP) with no abortion history, and 20 women with missed abortion (MA). All woman participants are of reproductive age, with the maternal gestational age in the HP and MA groups being ≤ 20 weeks. Maternal gestational age was used to categorize MA and HP women into two groups (1^st & 2^nd trimester).Regarding to the findings of recent research, Prx3 levels declined noticeably in MA patients compared to HP and HNP groups, on other hand the difference of toxic metals which represented in this study as: (As, Cd, and Hg)  elevated statistically significantly in MA patients compared to HP and HNP groups. Within the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, the difference of Prx3 levels showed statistically significant reduction between the MA and HP groups. A statistical significance elevation was found between the two comparable gestational age of both groups in regard to blood serum (As, Cd, and Hg) levels. Lastly, the impact of gestational period within MA cases was revealed, serum (Cd) and (Hg) showing a significant variation between the first and second trimester of pregnancy, whereas Prx3 and (As)  were unaffected by pregnancy advances within the MA group.

Growth hormone (GH) the most abundant hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland could have a role with other growth factors in wound healing because they can help in the physiological wound healing process.Aims: To investigate the effects of GH on facial skin wound healing in rabbits and to evaluate its effect on "insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)" and "transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β)" in serum. Material and Method: Thirty healthy male rabbits included in this study were classified into two groups according to the day of euthanization 7 and 14 days of study, each group was subdivided into three groups; negative control group, positive control group, and treatment group, full-thickness circle 1 cm wounds were excised in the skin of the forehead for each rabbit without any medication.3-(treated group) full-thickness circle 1 cm wounds will excise in the skin of the forehead for each rabbit, 0.1ml [contain 1.2mg /3.6 IU] of growth hormone injected subcutaneously around the incision, the injection process is every other day.Result: showed a highly significant difference among all study groups in serum TGF-β (ng/L) and IGF (ng/ml) during the first and second weeks. the serum TGF-β at the end of the first and second weeks showed a significant elevation in the treatment group when compared to the other study groups. There is no significant difference between the two control groups. The serum IGF at the end of the first and second weeks showed a significant difference in IGF levels among all study groups.Conclusions: Topical GH has a role in skin wound healing since it can increase the serum level of TGF-β. GH also causes a decrease in serum IGF. Topical GH may have a positive impact on skin wound healing.

The precise method of action of dienogest on the production and development of endometriosis lesions is unknown, and its controversial effect on endometrial thickness has been under investigation. In the following study the Dienogest's effects on the target animal's histology of female reproductive organs, including the tissues from the Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus, as well as the impact of drug administration on the liver's enzymes and the drug's effects on triglycerides, body weight, and HbA1c, have all been studied. The findings of the following experiment indicated that there was no significant elevation of liver enzymes. The little to no elevation of the liver enzymes indicated that the drug did not induce stress on the hepatic cells and according to the subsequent experiment it is safe for clinical use. Moreover, after 10, 20, and 30 days of blood administration, the level of blood TG significantly decreased, and after 30 days of intake, the level of blood sugar significantly decreased. However, there were no appreciable changes after 10 and 20 days. After 30 days of treatment, the rats' weight also showed a very minor drop. In addition to it, the results of histological changes in the tissue in the following study represented that there were evident changes in the tissues which comprised of decline in blood circulation, fibrosis in tissues, and degeneration of follicles.

The pаthоphysiolоgy of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has been linked to oxidative stress (OS), which is defined as an imbalance between the formation of oxidants and the antioxidant defense system. The goal of this study was to assess the state of OS in recurrent spontaneous abortion by assessing some of its indicators in order to identify women who are at risk of abortion and enhance their reproductive health. Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), progesterone (P4), glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), pеrоxynitritе (ONOO^-), and mаlоndialdеhyde (MDA) were measured in 40 healthy non-pregnant (HNP) women, 40 healthy pregnant (HP) women without abortion history, and 21 women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (Have at least ≥ 3 consecutive abortion). All subjects are of reproductive age, with the mother gestational age in the HP and RSA groups being ≤ 20 weeks. According to maternal gestational age, RSA and HP women were separated into two categories (1^st & 2^nd trimester). According to the findings of this study, Prx3 and GSH levels declined considerably in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP patients, but ONOO^- and MDA levels increased statistically significantly in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP groups. However, P4 of RSA was found to be significantly lower in the HP group and much higher in the HNP group. The difference in uric acid levels between the RSA and HP groups was statistically significant, but the difference between the RSA and HNP groups was not.Within the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, the difference between the RSA and HP groups showed statistically significant changes in oxidative stress-related biomarkers, with the exception of uric acid, which showed a non-significant difference between the two groups within the second trimester.Finally, the effect of gestational age within RSA was revealed, with serum Prx3 and P4 showing a significant difference between the first and second stages of pregnancy, whereas other oxidative stress indicators were unaffected by pregnancy length within the RSA group.

Background: Nutrition an integral part of child growth and development.Aim: Comparison regarding mothers' knowledge and practice between blind and non-blind child.Patients and Methods: A case control study design of 120 mothers (40 mother of blind child and 80 mother of non-blind child). It was adopted in UmAl-Rbean Development Foundation for Blind and purblind during.Results: revealed that 108 (90%) agree that with food we can control most of our disease. Diet-disease relationship reported by mothers were obesity 92 (77%) and hypertension 66 (55%) with P-value 0.017. Mothers' knowledge regarded true fact (playing sport and eat and drink, and do not be extravagant were 120 (100%) and 76 (63.3%) respectively. Mothers reported that 72 (60%) of study sample eat protein twice a day, 92 (76.7%) eat carb frequently aday, 54 (45%) eat fat once a day, 68 (56.7%) eat fruit and vegetable twice a day. Drinking plenty of water seen among blind child 18 (45%) while drinking of water with meal seen among non-blind 66 (82.5%). Drinking of tea commonly among non-blind 72 (90%) and specially with meal 28 (38.9%).Conclusion: The study concluded that mothers of non-blind children more knowledgeable than mothers of blind children. Eating carb and fat twice a day commonly seen among blind child mean while eating protein and fruit and vegetable twice a day more prevalent among non- blind child.Recommendation: Exclusive education program to mother of blind child to improve their knowledge and enhance health practice toward their child nutrition.

This article aims to analyze how Nigeria, the 86^th ranked State according to the Global Health Security Index (GHS Index), fared through the Covid-19 pandemic by linking its Ebola experience to the pandemic response. The paper will tackle (one of) these questions: Does their response as a State truly reflect the ranking? Or were they, like the rest of the world, truly unprepared and powerless against the outbreak?

Background: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) belongs to the cytokine family IL-1. IL-18 is synthesized as inactive precursors which need to be processed into an active interleukin by the Caspase-1 enzyme. The role of IL-18 is implicated in several auto-immune disorders, myocardial function, emphysema, metabolic syndromes, psoriasis, bowel inflammation, sepsis, and acute kidney injury. IL-18 exhibits pro-inflammatory properties, such as increased cell adhesion molecules, nitric oxide production, enhancement of T-cell and natural killer cell maturation, and increasing the production of chemokines. This study was designed from November 2020 to February 2021 at Al-Shomali hospital, Babylon governorate, Iraq. This study aimed to assess the levels of IL-18 in patients with PCOS, T2DM and CAD before treatment with metformin and after metformin medication, and to evaluate the roles of IL-18 in the development of this disease. Materials and methods: The study design is a case-control study and patients are selected by simple randomization after diagnosis by a specialist based on clinical diagnosis and laboratory findings. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) was used to estimate the level of serum IL-18 before and after metformin administration. A total of 300 patients were involved in this study, divided according to their chronic illness as 60 women with PCOS, 60 patients Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 60 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 60 patients with T2DM and MI. In addition, 30 healthy people as a control group. Results: Before treatment with metformin, the results were exhibited a significant difference (P≤0.0001) in the concentrations of IL-18 in PCOS, T2DM, and patients with CAD as compared with control. While, after metformin treatment, a significant decrease (P≤0. 01, P≤0.0001 and P≤0.001) in IL-18 level in patients with PCOS and T2DM and CAD respectively as compared to before metformin treatment. Conclusion: Metformin administration reduces the inflammatory events of IL-18 in patients with T2DM and CAD and PCOS.

The effect of chronic stress is one of the most important initiating factors in the development of the burnout syndrome. Students, who face a high level of stress and at the same time they are not able to use suitable strategies of coping those stressful situations, they tend to be at risk of developing burnout syndrome already during their studies. Authors of the paper focus on the issue of stress in connection of the development of burnout syndrome in students of pregradual study of social work. The aim of the survey was to determine used strategies of stress coping and the risk of development of burnout syndrome in students. According to number of respondents there is no intention of this study to generalize the results, but enabling a deeper insight into a given issue and transferring acquired knowledge into practice regarding teaching of social work students.The questionnaire SVF 78 was used to evaluate strategies of stress coping, burnout syndrome was assessed by a questionnaire Burnout Measure.The most frequently used strategies of stress management were perseveration. This strategy is included into negative strategies, as it directly worsens and prolongs the stress response of the organism to the experiencing stress. In the question of the relationship between stress management and burnout syndrome, a positive correlation was shown for all negative stress management (escape tendency, perseveration, resignation and self-blame). Positive correlation in those parameters means, that students, who use strategies for stress management, are at a higher risk of burnout syndrome. Among these strategies belong escape tendency, perseveration, resignation and self-blame. Negative correlation was found in positive strategies (diversion, substitute satisfaction, situation control and positive self-satisfaction). The total level of correlation for both questionnaires was 0,4 – 0,59.

Microbial enzymes are used in a wide range of industrial production, in pharmacy, medicine or as part of detection methods or biosensors, due to low-cost production in short time. Immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces has been shown to improve essential requirements, such as higher efficiency of the enzymatic reaction per unit time, better pH and thermo stability, repeated use, easy separation of enzyme and long-term stability. In industry, immobilization is used in food production processes, in detergents and their preparation, in the textile industry or in the production of biofuels. In pharmacy, immobilized enzymes are a part of the production of drugs, or as a part of drugs themselves, in medicine, immobilized enzymes are used to treat or diagnosis of diseases. Immobilized enzymes are a suitable part of detection methods, segment of biosensors for the determination of specific markers of poisoning and diseases, also are used for the determination of water and soil pollution or as an ecological variant replacing toxic chemicals. Immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces is used in many areas and offers great potential for the future.

Iron status in this clinical trial was represented as "Serum  Iron, Total  iron˗  binding capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated iron˗ binding capacity  (UIBC), Transferrin saturation, Packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb)", were evaluated in the blood of  98 healthy participant women, including 35 healthy non-pregnant women aged between (18-45) years as a control group and 63 healthy pregnant women aged between (15-44) years which divided into two groups depending on gestational age, the first group in the first trimester aged between (15-38) years; the second group in the third trimester aged between (21-44) years; in order to investigate the impacts of pregnancy and gestational period on iron status. The dedication of the contemporary research was to conclude the physiological changes in iron conditions in pregnant women in relation with non-pregnant women. Regarding this results that are recorded in the current research, a great significant drop in the level of the serum iron, transferrin saturation, PCV, Hb in "the first and third trimester" of pregnant women when comparison done with the control cases, while a statistical significance elevation of TIBC and UIBC level in the first and third trimester of pregnancy compared with control groups. Finally, the results of the mean value of iron status showed a meaningful difference between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Every year many drug molecules discovered to be effective in treatment of many diseases, however not all of these drugs succeed in reaching the market. One of the main reasons for such failure is the lipophilicity or low water solubility of these chemicals which results in poor bioavailability. Nanoemulsion has the ability to deliver these drugs in an efficient way. Nanoemulsion, which is usually o/w emulsion can incorporate this lipophilic drug into nanolipoidal droplets. However, the difficulty in applying liquid dosage form can be overcome by using nanoemulgel system. Nanoemulgel considered as a suitable way to deliver lipophilic drugs through topical route. This review tries to highlight the importance of nanoemulgel as a drug delivery system. The components of the systems have been explored and the methods of preparations including high energy methods and low energy methods have been discussed. Different methods were used in characterization of such delivery system; all of these methods and techniques were reviewed briefly. Finally, the recent researches about different applications of emulgel in local delivery or systemic delivery has been discussed. To conclude, the nanoemulgel applications in drug delivery is very promising and many products will find their way to the markets soon.

This article describes the characterization and application of collagenase-based chitosan nanofiber membranes with rat burns. Electrospun chitosan nanofibers were functionalized with clostridial collagenase using carbodiimide chemistry. The immobilized collagenase was characterized by enzyme activity, kinetic constants, and dry storage stability measurements using a Pz-peptide substrate. The apparent kinetic constants K_M and V_max of immobilized collagenase showed a high affinity for the peptide substrate compared to the free enzyme. Drying of chitosan membranes with immobilized collagenase ensured 98 % stability of enzyme activity after rehydration. The effect of collagenase immobilized on chitosan nanofibers on the burn of the rat model was compared with a control treatment with chitosan nanofibers. The healing of the wound with both materials was terminated after 30 days at the same time, although the collagenase wound healed more rapidly during healing. The scar area size after the application of collagenase-containing chitosan nanofiber membranes was 31.6 % smaller than when only chitosan nanofibers were used.

Based on many reports, an unmistakable link probably exists between diabetes mellitus and COVID-19. A major predisposing factor determining severity and mortality of COVID-19 is diabetes mellitus, diabetic patients were shown to be at higher risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease than non-diabetics; many recent studies reported a striking prevalence of DM in those diagnosed with COVID-19. Accordingly, antidiabetic drugs can possibly impact the clinical course and / or the outcome of this infection, either by alleviating diabetes-associated symptoms, minimizing its complications, or by mitigating or aggravating COVID-19 disease by effects independent from their direct antidiabetic effects. Several antidiabetic drug classes were shown to have varying effects, like blocking viral entry to cells, as well as having immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, or cardioprotective effects; such effects could prove beneficial for COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, some antidiabetic agents may have adverse effects that aggravate patients’ condition like hypoglycemia, fluid retention, increased weight or lactic acidosis, which require special consideration in patient management. Some of the drugs were found in observational studies to either reduce mortality from COVID-19 or pose no harm, but more solid evidence from clinical trials is still lacking.