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Society, as much as an individual, has a certain capacity to cope with issues. The preparedness of the society for the issue significantly enhances the ability to overcome the issue with minimum possible harm. This article considers psychological consequences of climate change, the major challenge for society, from the perspective of European security. It proposes an increasement of aggressive behavior and intergroup hostility as a direct and indirect psychological consequence of climate change. In the final section, crisis intervention and de-securitization of climate change debate are considered to serve as mitigating factors for future development.

Nerve Agents are toxic organophosphorus compounds which inhibit cholinesterases, pivotal enzyme in Parasympathetic Neurotransmission. As they are Schedule 1 compounds in accordance to Chemical Weapons Convention, strict controls are applied and some research groups may have their work hampered due to requirements for synthesis and manipulation. Nerve Agents’ surrogates have emerged as affordable substitutes for more realistic approach for development of antidotes and biochemical and toxicity studies, as they are structurally related to Nerve Agents and considered as CWC Schedule 2 compounds, yielding similar enzyme adducts. As Laboratório de Análises Químicas – LAQ (ISO 17025) at IDQBRN have been participated in OPCW Proficiency Tests, striven to obtain the “OPCW Designated Laboratory” status, we have synthesized different dialkyl alkylphosphonates for verification purposes. Therefore, we have proposed synthesis of surrogates for our research on Medicinal Chemistry using them as starting materials. They have proven to be very useful compounds in our research and our syntheses have delivered good yields and purity of final compounds.

Background and Purpose: The application of medicinal plants and herbs to cure diverse animal and human ailments predates recorded history. Gastrointestinal disorders have a high prevalence in human societies.Methods: This research examined the scientific literature from 1990 to June 2025 by conducting a bibliometric analysis of the literature published on the Web of Science database, including more than one thousand articles. The information provided was obtained from randomized control experiments, analytical observations, review articles, and studies which were gathered from different literature sources such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed.Results: The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most important organs in the human body, and it is vulnerable to great diversity of diseases such as infectious and parasitic disorders, constipation, gastroenteritis, reflux, diarrhea, and bloating. Some of the most important medicinal plants which have been used in different traditional medicinal sciences for the treatment of dyspepsia symptoms are chamomile (Matricaria recutita), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), ginger (Zingiber officinalis), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and guava (Psidium guajaba). The most notable herbs used to treat bloating are aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum), celery (Apium graveolens), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), dill (Anethum graveolens), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), ginger (Zingiber officinalis), parsley (Petrosilenum crispus), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), peppermint (Mentha spicata), star anise (Illicium verum), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Phytochemicals such as seaweed-derived polysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin, and allicin have been reported as important components to induce precocious gut maturation. Phytochemicals can also change the composition of gut microbiota, digest normally indigestible molecules into bioavailable molecules, and enhance nutrient availability. Ganoderma lucidum, Gegen Qinlian decoction, Huang-qin decoction, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. are important traditional Chinese medicine with significant effects on intestinal flora and different microbial communities.Conclusions: The review article aims to study and survey the importance of medicinal plants and herbs while considering their mechanisms of action for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

The primary toxicological mechanism of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) is the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine and subsequent cholinergic crisis, which can result in fatal respiratory failure. Conventional oxime reactivators, such as pralidoxime and obidoxime, are limited by their inability to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inconsistent efficacy across different OPC types. To address these limitations, we designed a novel non-quaternary oxime reactivator codenamed K1396, with enhanced lipophilicity for improved BBB penetration and dual-binding capability at both the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic active site (CAS) of AChE. This study compares the in vitro reactivation potency, cytotoxicity, and BBB penetration potential of K1396 with standard oximes. K1396 demonstrated comparable or superior reactivation potency, particularly against VX-inhibited AChE, and showed lower cytotoxicity in specific cell lines. Furthermore, K1396 exhibited favorable permeability across the lipid layer, suggesting potential CNS availability. The findings support the therapeutic potential of K1396 as an effective and broad-spectrum reactivator for OPC poisoning.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a common condition that causes the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood to become too high. It can cause symptoms relative insulin deficit, whether due to beta-cell damage, insulin resistance. The study of carnitine and LDH levels in diabetic patients is significant because both play important roles in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Carnitine is a compound that transports fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production, while LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) is an enzyme involved in the conversion of glucose to lactate. Humans with type 2 diabetes develop lipid accumulation due to carnitine depletion. LDH is an essential physiological molecule in the glycolytic pathway, and its concentration may be indicative of the condition of cellular metabolism.Aim: For measuring and evaluating the levels of serum carnitine and LDH in all study groups.Method: A case-control study was done in the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, Kut, Iraq on 150 Iraqi males and females as patients and control between (April 2022 and January 2023). Their ages ranged between 44 and 77 years. Among them were 120 patients divided into 4 groups 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus; 30 diabetic cardiomyopathies; 30 diabetic nephropathies; 30 diabetic retinopathies and 30 control group where control group's age and gender matched those of the patient groups. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the clinical study. ELISA was used to measure carnitine and LDH.Result: In present study, it was confirmed that carnitine was significantly lower than the control group and that LDH was significantly higher than the control group. the study demonstrated significant differences in fasting blood sugar and HbA1C levels among the control group, DM2, DCM, DNP, and DRP groups.Conclusion: This case-control study revealed significant differences in carnitine levels, LDH, FBS, and HbA1C levels among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their complications compared to the control group. These findings suggest alterations in energy metabolism and cellular damage in patients, indicating poorer glycemic control, and supporting the presence of uncontrolled diabetes.

Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-anxiety drugs, or sleeping pills are most often used to treat autism spectrum disorders. The treatment thus focuses on the manifestations accompanying autism, such as inattention, irritability, or sleep disorders, but does not address the essence of the social deficits of autistic children. In addition, drug treatment is often poorly tolerated. Since a certain association of autism with gut microbiota dysbiosis has been demonstrated, and given the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, it can be assumed that modulation of the gut microbiota could contribute to the treatment of the essence of some Autism Spectrum Disorders category manifestations. Here, we present an example of the use of the nutritional supplement Juvenil to alleviate the manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a patient with Asperger’s syndrome.

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Among them Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most frequent type in nature and the most carcinogenic and hepatotoxic for mammals. AFB1 is also inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and, therefore, a potential chemical and biological warfare agent, as well as its metabolites. In order to investigate this, we performed inedited theoretical studies on the interactions of AFB1 and its metabolites inside the catalytic and the peripheral anionic sites (CAS and PAS) of human acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE), to verify their stability, suggest the preferential ways of inhibition, and compare their behavior to each other. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA calculations for the systems HssAChE/AFB1-metabolites, on both sites were performed. All the metabolites presented negative values of interaction energies in comparison to AFB1. This suggests that they can be better inhibitors of HssAChE. Also, the energy values obtained for the CAS were lower than for the PAS for all metabolites, suggesting that they may preferentially bind in the CAS and come closer to the active site. This behavior is different from the experimentally observed for AFB1, pointing to a different way of inhibition for its metabolites.

A new family of indazolylketones with a multitarget profile as modulators of cholinergic and BACE-1 enzymes and  cannabinoids receptors [1] was  designed based on our previous results [2]. We present the synthesis, computational studies and biological evaluation and of a new family of heterocyclic compounds. Pharmacological evaluation include in vitro inhibitory assays in AChE/BuChE enzymes and BACE-1. In addition, functional activity for cannabinoid receptors has been carried out. The results of the pharmacological tests have revealed that some of these derivatives behave as CB2 cannabinoid agonists and simultaneously show BuChE and/or BACE-1 inhibition. Furthermore, studies in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in the lymphoblasts of patients with Alzheimer's disease have shown neuroprotective effects of this family of compounds, as well as their capacity to blunt the abnormal enhanced proliferative activity of AD lymphoblasts. Based on the in vitro and functional studies we performed in vivo studies of those best compounds employing transgenic mouse (TgAPP) model. The results of the in vivo study revealed that some of these compounds could be very promising candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: The motivation of donors to donate substances of human origin, such as blood and its components, bone marrow, gametes, and others, is influenced by various factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, motivational factors, and the level of social competence.Aim: To describe and analyse the motivation of donors to donate blood and blood components in relation to sociodemographic characteristics and motivational factors at the Blood Centre of the University Hospital Ostrava.Design and Methods: Quantitative research based on an anonymous questionnaire survey, followed by inferential analysis of bivariate data. The self-designed questionnaire included 13 questions focusing on motivation to donate, donation experience, anonymity in donation, and sociodemographic data (gender, age, education, size of place of residence, monthly household income, and type of profession).Results: Six of the nine motivational factors were found to be statistically associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Age influenced attitudes towards commemorative medals (p=0,013). Gender was significant for four factors: the publication of donor lists (p=0,050), special health insurance (p=0,003), media coverage of donor and recipient stories (p=0,000), and more targeted information campaigns (p=0,013). Education was associated with declared donor preference in the event of an organ shortage (p=0,010) and with the publicity of donor lists (p=0,048). Household income was significant in relation to commemorative medals (p=0,000) and declared donor preference in cases of organ shortage (p=0,003). The results of our research supported the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA CR) research study No. TL05000144, which formulated, for example, basic principles of compensation for donation in the Czech Republic and fundamental recommendations for recruitment campaigns targeting living body part donors.Conclusions: Motivating donors to donate human substances plays a key role in sustaining the health system and saving lives. Understanding individual donor characteristics and preferences is important for developing motivational strategies to encourage new and existing donors to donate. Our research findings contribute to the targeted sustainability of blood and blood component donation programmes.

This study is based on a detailed analysis of the challenges faced by various social services in the Czech Republic during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study took into account a combination of several different data sources and included an analysis of recommendations issued during the pandemic, data from preliminary research conducted among social service providers, a questionnaire survey, and two-phase qualitative focus group interviews. Data on residential, outpatient, and field social services in the Czech Republic were collected. The main objective of the research was to map the difficulties these services faced, their working strategies and responses during the pandemic, and their requirements for possible future crises caused by viral diseases. Based on the results of the study, we proposed a number of recommendations regarding the approach of social service providers in the event that a similar situation was to recur in the future.

The profession of paramedic has become an integral part of the health care delivery system in the Czech Republic. It is a profession belonging to the group of regulated professions, with clearly defined rules for education and practice itself.This study attempted to map how the competences and professional training methods of RNs differ in the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany and Slovakia, which are the closest states to the Czech Republic and also have a similar approach to the pre-hospital care system. There is a real assumption that the principles of training paramedics and their competence will not differ significantly within these EU states. The study was carried out as a research, overview. A content analysis of the current legislation was carried out, regarding the education and work content of paramedics in the environment of the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Slovakia.As part of the comparison of these states, it was found that the education and the system of activity of a paramedic differ in details, given by national legislative specifics. Especially in the areas of ZZ competences, it was found that paramedic is the most limited in the conditions of the Czech Republic. However, these limits should not have a major impact on the quality of care provided within the prehospital care, due to the dense network of RZP stations and the low arrival times of crews with doctors.

This topic is probably the most important in the field of military healthcare in the long term, because care of this nature is the very reason why the whole sector was created. Effective forwarded surgical care is a crucial factor in reducing preventable battlefield casualties, known and developed since the historical beginnings of military healthcare. This highly demanding medical discipline is an absolutely essential component of the modern war effort, in which it takes on a whole new dimension thanks to unimaginable technological, medical and military-tactical progress. The changed character of the world's main battlefields seems to be crucial at present, with the return of conventional warfare accompanied by attacks on health workers. We stand before the next stage of challenges related primarily to the mobility and tactical capabilities of professionals providing this specific type of care. In the text, we have come out of the historical context that led to the evolution of this care into today's form, which we have analyzed in detail on the sample of the most advanced medical support of armies in the world. This example shows us the breadth and variability of these elements with regard to the various eventualities of their use. On this basis, we present the concept of systems providing this kind of care from both the global and the Czech Republic's point of view. At the same time, for understandable reasons, we pay close attention to the specifics of this type of care in Czech conditions.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme of the Central Nervous System (CNS) hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. By targeting AChE, OPNA and organophosphorus pesticides irreversibly inhibit the cholinergic transmission leading to a certain death if untreated. The current treatment available in the French army consists of an auto-injector containing a methanesulfonate salt of 2-PAM for AChE reactivation, an anticholinergic drug, atropine and avizafone, a prodrug of diazepam for limiting convulsions. However, this treatment displays major drawbacks in terms of CNS bioavailability, restricted spectrum action and effectiveness. The aim of this project is to develop a new class of more efficient human nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. We designed, synthesized and evaluated a new class of bifunctional uncharged hybrid reactivators composed of a 3-hydroxypyridinaldoxime linked to a tacrine derivative. The in vitro efficacy of this reactivators has been assessed. We show that this new class of reactivators outperform HI-6 in restoring the human AChE activity inhibited by VX, sarin, tabun and paraoxon. By X-ray crystallography, we have been able to observe some of these new hybrids inside of the catalytic site of hAChE and TcAChE.

Aims: Prevention is one of the most effective methods in the fight against respiratory infections. Electronic platforms can streamline care and have positive applications in the case of infectious diseases. This study was conducted to search for and describe the current scientific knowledge on prevention and the use of electronic platforms and their impact on the application of prevention strategies.Methods: A scoping review was conducted. In January 2022, a search was performed in selected licensed and free databases (EBSCOhost, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science) based on PCC keywords using Boolean operators.Results: A total of 1927 sources were retrieved, of which 21 were subjected to critical analysis. 8 sources were included in the final review. Vaccination, social isolation, hygienic hand disinfection and respiratory protection are described as the most common and effective preventive measures. The platforms described had a positive effect on prevention and improving the quality of care.Conclusion: The effectiveness of the use of electronic platforms in prevention has been confirmed. Future research should be directed towards the development of these platforms to enable better diagnosis and treatment. Prevention-focused platforms can facilitate, simplify and improve care and access in the prevention of respiratory diseases.

The rapid growth of microbiome research is hindered by significant challenges in data management, including data fragmentation across disparate silos, a lack of methodological standardization, and barriers to advanced privacy-preserving analysis. To address these issues, this article proposes a conceptual architectural blueprint for a resilient, scalable, and integrated platform for microbiome data. Our proposed architecture is a modular, cloud-native system designed to support the entire research lifecycle. Key attributes include a multi-layered microservices framework to ensure scalability, adherence to FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles, and native support for longitudinal data tracking. Crucially, the platform incorporates integrated services for advanced AI/ML analysis and a coordinator for federated learning, enabling collaborative model development without centralizing sensitive data. By providing a robust infrastructure that combines standardized data management with powerful, privacy-aware analytical tools, our proposed model aims to empower researchers, enhance reproducibility, and accelerate discoveries into the complex relationship between the microbiome and human health.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the common musckloskeletal diseases and usual treated by epidural steroid injection (ESI). ESIs improve patients' quality of life, reduce lumbar radicular pain, and postpone spinal surgery. The mechanism of improvement  is yet unscertain, perhaps involve type α collagen (COL2α) for bone maintenance, hence, we sought to investigate the role of injected steroids in bone healing focusing on the role of COL2α.Methods: All patients in this research were diagnosed by specialists based on their histories and clinical features and associated diseaeses or compiling therapy. Serum samples collected from LBP patients and control group for comparisons.Results: The present study found a significant (<0.0001) increase in the concentration of COL2α in patients with LBP after injection with ESI treatment compared with patients before injection and healthy individuals.Conclusion: ESI helps LBP sufferers by boosting COL2α, which repairs damaged tissues.

Background and Purpose: T2DM is the most common cause of end- stage liver diseases, and different mechanisms contribute to diabetic hepatopathy’s wide spectrum presentation. In this study, we aimed to identify abnormalities in liver function tests (LFTs) for a group of Iraqi T2DM patients, determine their prevalence, and investigate the influence of some independent co-variables (duration of DM, HbA1c, BMI, age, and gender). Methods: This case-control study enrolled 43 T2DM patients alongside 40 healthy, age- and sex- matched non-diabetic subjects. After overnight fasting, blood was collected, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and serum LFTs (AST, ALT, ALP, total proteins, albumin, and bilirubin) were measured in addition to serum lipids.Results: T2DM patients exhibited significantly higher FPG, HbA1c, AST, and ALT mean values than the controls. Serum aminotransferases were increased in 30% of patients. Serum albumin and total bilirubin (TSB) decreased in 18.6 and 37.2% respectively. Diabetics with HbA1c>7.0% had significantly higher AST, ALT, ALP, and STP values and lower serum albumin and TSB. The logistic regression analysis revealed that duration, BMI, HbA1c, and age are independent co-variables significantly linked to increased ALT activity. Conclusions: LFTs (mainly aminotransferases) are altered in DM. The duration of diabetes, the age of the patient, BMI, and glycemic control influence this change. We recommend monitoring LFTs in DM and maintaining good glycemic control.

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to identify effective treatments and promote prevention of emotional burnout among special services and military personnel. It also aims to highlight best practices and potential implementation strategies by specialists from Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Poland, UK, USA, Canada, and South Korea.Methods: The primary method utilized in this research is experimentation, employing practical psychology techniques to enhance the personal competencies of special services and military personnel. Psychological observation, conversations, questionnaires, diagnostics, and statistical analysis were auxiliary methods used to tailor emotional burnout prevention strategies specific to this group.Results: As a result, the research identifies features and specifics of the work of employees of special services and military structures, presents the main ways, and methods of treatment and prevention of emotional burnout and reveals the most effective of them for employees of special services and military personnel depending on their individual and personal characteristics. The application of emotional burnout training as a preventive measure is substantiated by the best practices and prospects of its implementation.Conclusions: The authors conclude that emotional burnout is one of the main problems of the 21st century, which concerns not only those whose activity is communication with people, but also any person who cannot regulate their emotional state. The specifics of the activities of employees of special services and military units require special professional and personal qualities, the absence of which can contribute to the formation of emotional burnout.

Light–induced isomerization of enzyme ligands allows controlling specific biological processes in time and space. Photoisomerisable azobenzene-based inhibitors allow photo-control of acetylcholine (ACh) signalling by regulating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyses ACh hydrolysis in the central and peripheral nervous system. By regulating AChE, this family of inhibitors would allow spatial and temporal regulation of ACh levels in the synaptic cleft. Adequate regulation of ACh levels is an essential part of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment and other common pathologies. Win this work we present the crystal structures of AChE in complex with three different azobenzene derived inhibitors, we confirmed AzoTHA-1 as the only photoactive compound and we determined its structure in its cis- and trans- isomeric forms bound to AChE. Three-dimensional structures, supported by online UV-Vis spectroscopy and kinetic data, explain why only AzoTHA-1 is an effective photoactive AChE inhibitor and suggest possible ways to improve photoactive drugs. We utilised S/WAXS to follow photo-isomerisation induced-changes in the wide-angle scattering region to demonstrate that photoisomerisation of the inhibitor induces its release from AChE’s active site.

Background: Stenotrophomonas infections are becoming more widespread around the world and can be counted as a “newly emerging pathogen of concern". The present study aimed to detect a variety of Stenotrophomonas species (S. maltophilia) using specific 23S rRNA gene primers and investigate their multi-drug resistance potential.Methods: This study includes 375 clinical samples from different clinical sources 175 from males and 200 from females collected from Mosul City Hospital. Identification of Stenotrophomonas was conducted through multiple steps including culturing methods, molecular methods in addition to some biochemical tests 11(3%) of isolates belonged to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The isolates understudy were tested for their ability to resist 10 different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.Results: The resistance rate to amoxicillin, gentamicin, and amikacin (100%), cefixime (91%), imipenem (64%), meropenem(55%), Azithromycin (36%), nalidixic acid and trimethoprim (18%), ciprofloxacin(0%). The virulence factors of S. maltophilia siderophores were found in all (11) isolates belonging to S. maltophilia at a percentage (100%). The result of PCR assay using specific primers designed for detecting 23S rRNA genes of S. maltophilia gives amplification for 11 isolates from 14 suspected isolates. Nucleic acid sequencing for the 23S rRNA gene shows that all isolates belong to S. maltophilia with a similarity rate (91-99) in NCBI.Because the 23S rRNA gene sequence in Stenotrophomonas species shows more variety in this location this study used specific 23S rRNA gene primers to identify S. maltophilia.Conclusion: The study used phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques to isolate the bacteria, including the S rRNA23 gene. The results emphasize the need for increased vigilance in hospitals to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the development of new treatment strategies.

Pesticides and warfare nerve agents are frequently organophosphates (OPs) or related compounds. Their acute toxicity highlighted more than ever the need to explore applicable strategies for the sensing, decontamination and/or detoxification of these compounds. Herein, we report the use of two different thermostable enzyme families capable to detect and inactivate OPs. In particular, mutants of carboxylesterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and of phosphotriesterase-like lactonases from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, have been selected and assembled in an optimized format for the development of an electrochemical biosensor and a decontamination formulation, respectively. The features of the developed tools have been tested in an ad-hoc fabricated chamber, to mimic an alarming situation of exposure to a nerve agent. Choosing ethyl-paraoxon as nerve agent simulant, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 nM, after 5 s of exposure time was obtained. Furthermore, an optimized enzymatic formulation was used for a fast and efficient environmental detoxification (>99%) of the nebulized nerve agent simulants in the air and on surfaces. Crucial, large-scale experiments have been possible thanks to production of grams amounts of pure (>90%) enzymes.

Background: Overconsumption of fructose may cause metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS pathogenesis is caused by oxidative stress, cellular malfunction, and systemic inflammation caused by hereditary and environmental factors. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has become associated with the phrase "antioxidant." Most researchers use and test NAC with the goal of preventing or reducing oxidative stress.Aim: To determine the positive effects of NAC on blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in albino rats.Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats, 10-12 weeks old, were haphazardly divided into five groups of identical size. Group I (negative control) received tap water for 12 weeks. Group II (positive control) received a 60% w/w fructose solution (60% FS) instead of tap water for 12 weeks. Group III (NAC) received tap water and an intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of NAC (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Group IV (protection) co-administered 60% FS orally and NAC IP injection (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Group V (treatment) received 60% FS for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of drinking tap water with NAC IP injection (150 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were taken at weeks 0, 8, and 12 and were tested for serum glucose and lipid profile. All animals of each group were weighted at weeks 0, 8 and 12 of the study.Results: Concerning serum glucose, group II showed increased glycaemia at week 8 and further elevation during week 12. Group III displayed normal glycaemia at weeks 8 and 12. In group IV, glycaemia showed elevation at week 8 followed by almost complete restoration at week 12. In group V, there was an increased glycaemia at week 8 followed by a partial restoration at week 12. Regarding lipid profile parameters, group II demonstrated a deterioration during week 8 and more worsening during week 12. There were no significant changes in group III's parameters during weeks 8 and 12. Group IV displayed a worsening in lipid profile during week 8 followed by a nearly complete improvement during week 12. During week 8, group V deteriorated, followed by a partial recovery during week 12. Concerning body weight, group II showed a weight gain at week 8 and further elevation during week 12. Group III displayed normal glycaemia at weeks 8 and 12. In group IV, glycaemia showed elevation at week 8 followed by almost complete restoration at week 12. In group V, there was an increased glycaemia at week 8 followed by a partial restoration at week 12. At week 8, there was a significant elevation in body weights  in groups II and V compared to group I. Moreover, a significant reduction in body weight was recorded in group IV compared to group II during week 8. At week 12, a significant elevation in body weight was noticed  in groups II and V compared to group I. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in body weight in group III compared to group I. On the other hand, there was a significant fall in body weight in groups IV and V  compared to group II during week 12.Conclusion: MetS was caused by a high-fructose diet, which has been shown to have a negative impact on serum glucose, lipid profiles, and body weight. Moreover, NAC has been shown to enhance these parameters in a time-dependent manner.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are influenced by various established risk factors, including the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes and platelets, which has been shown to be an independent risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aims to create a new scoring system called TANGENTS that utilizes discrete parameters of risk factors and diagnostic parameters to analyze the outcome of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with comorbidities, particularly Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: We included 151 subjects (mean age 57.92 ± 23.86) who presented with ST-elevation and ST-depression on admission and were treated with heparin, clopidogrel, aspirin, and atorvastatin while undergoing all the necessary diagnostic tests. We obtained ECG and complete blood picture (CBP) results on admission, day 3, and day of discharge.Results: ST-depression on ECG on day-1 was 0.35 and decreased to 0.30 on the day of discharge. ST-elevation on ECG on day-1 was -0.89 and decreased to -0.16 on the day of discharge. The average neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NPR) was 0.49, which was high in 144 patients. The mean NLR value was 5.52, indicating a correlation between high NLR values and the magnitude of current injury on admission.Conclusion: The TANGENTS scoring system can be used as an early evaluation tool for CAD patients with comorbidities to manage and prevent further complications. It allows for progressive differentiation in the severity of clinical outcomes using all the parameters of the score, and the parameters creating the TANGENTS score scale were found to be reliable.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment implications of ASCVD in IBD patients. A number of processes are involved in the increased risk of ASCVD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, platelet abnormalities, dyslipidaemia, gut microbiome abnormalities and the use of corticosteroids. While the precise pathophysiology remains complex, the management of inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors is essential to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in IBD patients. Collaboration between gastroenterologists and preventive cardiologists is emphasised for risk factor management and promotion of disease remission.

Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) from the Anacardiaceae family is native to Central and South America. In folk medicine, S. terebinthifolius has been used as a remedy for ulcers, respiratory problems, wounds, rheumatism, gout, diarrhea, skin ailments and arthritis, as well as to treat tumors and leprosy. The Brazilian pepper tree has various biological properties and it is a source of many bioactive compounds. Several classes of compounds can be found in extracts obtained from these plants, such as terpenes and flavonoids. Essential oils obtained by steam distillation or extraction by solvents from berries or leafs is rich in monoterpenes and shows interesting antioxidant activity. It has displayed good-to-very strong in vitro antifungal actions against numerous fungi, as well as Candida. The essential oil and leaves have demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against numerous bacterial strains.

Agaritine, a naturally occurring amino acid and phenylhydrazine derivative found in mushrooms of the genus Agaricus, has gained attention due to its potential impact on human health. The presence of the hydrazine moiety in the structure of agaritine plays a crucial role in its toxicological properties. It has raised concerns due to its high reactivity as chemical radicals. Therefore, research is commonly focused on the potential health risks of agaritine and its possible role as a pro-carcinogenic agent. However, some studies did not provide evidence of agaritine's toxicological effects. Therefore, further research is needed to understand agaritine's mechanisms of action and its safe consumption levels in humans. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge surrounding agaritine and its potential health risks.

Chronic bronchitis is increasingly reported as a healthcare challenge in clinical settings partially due to the disease's bad prognosis and unresponsiveness to therapy, including the ineffectiveness of glucocorticoids. The ineffectiveness could have a link with genetic polymorphism of receptor genes resulting in inappropriate glucocorticoid pharmacodynamics. We sought to identify the role of gene polymorphism in the response of patients with chronic bronchitis to prednisolone therapy. To do so, a total of 60 newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis patients enrolled in the present study. Prednisolone at a dose of 30mg/day for two weeks was given and respiratory parameters [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC were measured before and after therapy. Blood samples were withdrawn for genetic profiling of genes involved in glucocorticoids pharmacodynamics, including BCII (rs41423247), N363S (rs56149945), and ER22/23EK (rs6189/rs6190) measured for their homozygous versus heterozygous gene splice variants.Results: Gene splice variants for BCII (rs41423247), N363S (rs56149945), and ER22/23EK (rs6189/rs6190) homozygous (73.3%, 98.7%, and 95%) represented a higher percentage than heterozygous (26.7%, 1.7%, and 5%). The respiratory parameters FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC have shown significantly (p<0.05) better values at baseline in homozygous versus heterozygous, correspondingly, the responsiveness to therapy has shown significantly (p<0.05) better values in homozygous versus heterozygous.Conclusion: The study has provided a good template for genetic behaviour toward individualised medicine in our locality providing that these genes could be a cornerstone for discovering issues related to the pharmacodynamics profiling of drugs in clinical settings.

Introduction: Delirium is a transient, etiologically non-specific disorder and a life-threatening condition. It is classified as a reversible qualitative disorder of consciousness with a number of symptomatologically neuropsychiatric abnormalities. The aim of the research is to summarize nursing interventions leading to the prevention or treatment of delirium. Methods: world scientific databases (Proquest, Scopus, PubMed, etc.) were searched using the EBN method. The question of efficacy, which predicts nursing interventions in the context of treatment and prevention, was chosen to compile the literature search. Fifteen studies were selected that aimed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of delirium in ICU patients, using nursing interventions.Results: Multicomponent interventions targeting several risk factors simultaneously (lighting modification, noise reduction at the patient's bedside, sleep support, family visits and correction of vision and hearing deficits) have been shown to be the most effective. The intervention of transcutaneous electrical stimulation has also been shown to be effective (statistically significant difference p= 0.039 for patients undergoing this intervention). More than half of the duration of delirium is reduced by regular exercise and mobilisation. Occupational therapy intervention is also beneficial (statistically significant effect p=0.001) and can significantly reduce the incidence of delirium. Studies demonstrate the positive impact of these interventions not only in delirium, but also in pain management and overall recovery.

Spike proteins on the surface of human corona viruses is important to enhance it’s competency to get transmit into other healthy population. Because of it’s specific spike protein, the virus got its name corona in 1960s. Afterward, it was renamed as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. It was mortal for old population, new born babies and immune-compromised individuals, who didn't have sufficient immunity or defense system. On February 11, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) gave the names of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. A characteristic of nCoV-19, which is a cause of COVID-19, was identified as major cause of pneumonia. However, the healthcare professionals worked hard to to stop it’s outbreak and transmission all over the world. But, there was no medicines that have been cleared by the FDA to treat COVID-19 successfully. So, the goal of this study is to look at the scientific data that is already available about clinical care and therapy of this disease. Some of the sources that were checked for this study were BioRxiv, medRxiv, Google Scholar, Embase, PsychINFO, WanFang Data, and PubMed. A lot of work went into finding out what medicines could be used to avoid and treat COVID-19 illnesses. Remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and immunosuppressant drugs have all been shown to help to fight the virus. Until a treatment for the COVID-19 virus is found, it is best to stay away from other people and follow strict hygiene. Most medicinal treatments still have a lot of unknown effects, and different medicines and vaccines are being trialed and tested succefully to stop prevelance, transmission and develop the symptoms.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resulting in severe symptoms and ultimately death. OP intoxications are currently treated by administration of atropine and certain oxime compounds (Obidoxime, HI-6 or 2-PAM). The latter compounds contain nucleophilic oximes that reactivate OP-inhibited AChE by liberating the phosphylated serine. However, these oximes have several drawbacks such as their intrinsic toxicity, their permanent charge which thwarts penetration of brain tissues and their inability to effectively reactivate all types of nerve agent inhibited AChEs. Therefore, the search for new (non-ionic) antidotes of nerve agent poisoning is of great importance. Recently, several papers reported on the discovery of non-oxime compounds as a result of the in vitro or in silico screening of libraries of bioactive compounds and approved drugs. For instance, Katz et al reported¹ a novel class of compounds in which the 4-amino-2-(diethylamino)phenol (ADOC) appeared to be a key motif responsible for reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE.² In addition, several structural derivatives of ADOC were synthesized and evaluated for OP-AChE reactivation by Cadieux et al.³ That study provided valuable information on key structural features of ADOC with respect to reactivation potency and enzyme inhibition, but unfortunately, none of the reported derivatives performed equal or better than the ADOC parent. We here report the design and synthesis of a new series of ADOC derivatives. We report that one of the compounds synthesized so far showed a remarkably improved in vitro performance compared to ADOC towards VX-, sarin-, cyclosarin- and paraoxon-inhibited human AChE.