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Background: During pregnancy, COVID-19 viral infection may cause abnormal placental findings. The studies that have focused on the placental structure among infected women with such virus were few. Aim: This study aims to compare the placental histology of women affected by COVID-19 to that of non-infected women.Methods: A prospective case-control study that enrolled placentae of 20 pregnant women who delivered at Al-Khansaa Maternity Teaching Hospital in Ninevah Province /North of Iraq was accomplished. Ten women were positive for CoVID-19 in the antenatal period. Placental biopsies were obtained from the placental maternal side and placental fetal side and were prepared for histopathological examination after staining with (H&E) using a light microscope.Results: This study revealed that the microscopic assessment of placentas women who were diagnosed with COVID-19 exhibited several features in comparison with those of the control group. Among these findings were those of maternal vascular mal perfusion which are represented represented by accelerated villous maturation, thickening of the blood vessel wall, syncytial knots, incomplete villi growth, perivillous fibrin deposition, and congestion of the blood vessels. On the other hand, fetal vascular mal perfusion is represented by delayed villous maturation, increase numbers of large bullous villi with evidence of syncytial injury, reduced vasculosyncytial membrane formation, villous oedema, increase in the nucleated red blood cells' number, cholangitis with intervillous haemorrhage. Placental sections in COVID-19-infected women revealed inflammatory changes that were picked out in both maternal and fetal sides represented by chronic villitis, edematous villi with infiltration with inflammatory cells, and decidual oedema with infiltration with inflam-matory cells. Features of syncytial injury, decidual fibrinoid necrosis, surge in the nucleated red blood cells' counting, infarction, haemorrhage, and calcification were noticed in some sections.Conclusion: This study observed considerable histopathological lesions in the placentae of mothers infected by the COVID-19 virus against the non-infected group.

The Military Health Service of the Czech Army can support the Integrated Rescue System in the Czech Republic in dealing with emergency and crisis in cases where the basic components cannot ensure the execution of rescue work and clean-up operation by their own forces. The aim of the article is to evaluate the real possibilities of deploying the forces and resources of the Military Health Service to support the integrated rescue system from the point of view of valid legal and internal regulations and to analyze their availability. It was found that the fundamental conditions for the support of the Integrated Rescue System are regulated in the current legal regulations, mainly for the forces and resources of the military health service, which have the character of the other components of the Integrated Rescue System. Dedicated forces and resources of the Military Health Service have a set time of preparation for deployment of 5 - 72 hours. For the use of forces and means within the framework of other assistance, the essential prerequisites for their deployment are established, but no requirements are determined for the capabilities or availability of these forces.

In this review, we comprehensively analyze the existing literature on the association between connective tissue disorders (CTDs) and carotid artery dissection (CAD), focusing on proven gene and protein mutations. By synthesizing evidence from various studies, we aim to provide a clearer understanding of the underlying mechanisms and potential genetic factors involved in the development of this condition. CAD, a leading cause of stroke in young adults, has been linked to CTDs such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, all of which involve genetic mutations that weaken vascular connective tissues. The review reveals that mutations in genes like COL3A1, FBN1, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 play a crucial role in the integrity of arterial wall. It discusses the significance of these findings in identifying individuals at risk and developing targeted treatment strategies. Moreover, the article highlights the significance of identifying mild connective tissue abnormalities in patients with spontaneous CAD and advocates for more extensive genetic studies to enhance our understanding of CAD's genetic architecture. By identification of unique protein expression profiles, future research may lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CAD linked to CTDs.

Increasing resistance to antibiotics, adverse effects of standard anti-cancer or anti-inflammatory treatments, or tumour types resistant to these treatments are leading to a search for alternatives. One of these is the use of natural products, such as bee venom, which have the same or better effect than these standard products. Bee venom has been used to treat a number of diseases for thousands of years. However, a significant obstacle remains the risk of severe allergic reactions, which can be caused by some of the more than 100 substances contained in the venom. Therefore, intensive research is currently underway to investigate not only the actual use of bee venom or its components in the above areas, but also ways to prevent these adverse effects.

Objective: To study the efficacy of autologous fat transplantation after preservation at −2 to −18°C in a domestic refrigerator.Patients and methods: This study was conducted in a private clinic from December 2017 to December 2021. A total of 973 female patients were included. Under a full aseptic technique, fat was harvested using a 4 mm suction blunt cannula with three longitudinal slits. Three 50 mL syringes of fat were obtained before transferring it to 10 mL syringes; then, the fat was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 1 min and injected through an 18 gauge blunt cannula. In addition, 50 mL of fat without centrifugation was stored in a domestic refrigerator for 3 weeks to be reinjected after fast thawing for 20 min, and then centrifuged to be ready for the second session. All participants had follow-up visits at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year.Results: Participants ranged in age from 18 to 65 years. The abdomen was the fat donor site in 63.3% of the patients, while round-face style augmentation was performed in 48.3% of the patients. An assessment at 3 weeks revealed that 84.1% of patients required a second session. After 6 months, on an assessment using a 10-point scale, patients who received a single session and a second session scored 6.05 and 7.46, respectively. At 1 year, the assessment scores were 5.65 and 7.12 for those with a single and second session, respectively, and 60% of patients were fully satisfied.Conclusion: Autologous fat preserved in a domestic refrigerator for 3 weeks is a safe, cheap, and tolerated filler for facial augmentation.

The aim of the study is to investigate whether the mental stress resulting from the assignment of military professionals affects the parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a significant risk factor for cardio-vascular diseases.The study retrospectively analyses the data obtained during extended annual preventive examinations of professional soldiers in 2012-2016. The dataset was divided into two cohorts. The first "performance" cohort included soldiers from combat units and paratroopers (aiborne). The second cohort consisted of "others", i.e. soldiers from non-combat units or airborne. The psychological burden was determined by the soldiers' assignment to a combat or airborne units.In the years 2012-2016, almost all compared parameters were better in the "performance" group. Exceptions were a higher prevalence of overweight (according to body mass index) and sporadically higher glycaemia and alanine aminotrasferase (ALT) levels. When comparing years 2012 and 2016 of the “performace” group, statistically significant better values prevailed in relation to the MetS in 2016. The exceptions were ALT and uric acid levels.The outcome of this study suggests a better status of MetS risk factors and MetS-related factors in the "performance" cohort, and psychological stress did not augment MetS manifestations in these professionals. This study has confirmed the necessity of waist circumference measurement to eliminate overestimation of obesity in individuals with developed musculature. To confirm the hepatic origin of ALT, the medical history should include an inquiry about exercise habits. Subsequently, the effect of chronic stress may also be considered for higher liver enzymes. Screening for hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia has important clinical relevance for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in younger population, particularly in those aged

Introduction: Olive (Olea uropeae) is a traditional plant containing oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which are useful and used empirically for treating diabetes mellitus.Objective: To review the potential of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol as an evidence base for diabetes potential treatment and safety.Methods: This chapter summarizes several studies available on Pubmed and Google Scholar regarding the characteristic method and extraction method as well as the effectiveness and toxicity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in vitro and in vivo.Result: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are effective antihyperglycemics for treating T2D. They can reduce body weight, basal glycemia, and insulin resistance by stopping the liver from making glucose and stopping the body from absorbing glucose. Several studies have shown that both isolates can control glycemic levels equivalent to free fatty acids and are safe to use.Conclusion: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are extracted by several methods and can be used as potential anti-diabetics with obesity risk factors. Evidence shows that both isolates are safe for both acute and chronic use.

Background: After injuries, infections, or tumor removal, endogenous healing depends on bone repair. Disorders of bone healing are difficult to treat in clinical settings. There are numerous induced methods for correcting bone abnormalities, such as the induced membrane technique, allogenic bone grafting, synthetic bone grafting, artificial joint replacement, and autologous bone grafting. However, the delivery of the bone graft and bone filling materials necessitates surgical implantation at the fracture site, which could cause edema, infection, and the development of heterotopic bone locally. Therefore, systemically administered osteogenic drugs will provide an excellent method for bone lesion healing. Aim of the study: to evaluate the systemic effect of metformin on bone healing after surgical induction of bony defect and to determine the amount of newly formed bone using histological, histomorphometric analysis, and the surface area measurement of newly formed bone. Also to study the safety of metformin administration at the administered dose for this purpose. Materials and methods: Twenty mature male New Zealand rabbits were separated into two groups, each including ten rabbits for the study. The same surgical procedure was performed on all rabbits. Two holes were made at the femur (3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) and left empty. Metformin tablets were ground into a fine powder and the resultant powder was dissolved in 10ml of water to prepare a liquid dosage containing 50 mg /1ml of metformin. Metformin is administered orally to the rabbits through a feeding tube at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Animals were euthanized at two-time intervals, 14 and 28 days. The femur was separated, sectioned preserved, and sent for histological analysis and histomor-phometry. Results: The results revealed that there is an increase in new bone formation and bone-forming cells in the metformin-treated group. Conclusion: Metformin increases bone healing by increasing the number of bone-forming cells and the surface area of newly formed bone tissues and causes less inflammatory response at the site of a bone lesion. So it possesses an osteogenic effect.

Background: Thalassemia` is an autosomal recessive hereditary chronic hemolytic anaemia caused by a partial or total deficit in the production of β -globin chains that make up the main adult haemoglobin. Patients with the beta-thalassemia major have changes in thyroid function and result from thyroid function tests. The B-cell lymphoma /leukemia11A (BCL11A) gene is mainly located in the human chromosome 2p16.1 region; the BCL11A gene can regulate the expression of fetal haemoglobin.The aim: analysis of the association between beta-thalassemia and the BCL11A gene polymorphism in the Iraqi patient and to evaluate the effect of beta-thalassemia on the thyroid gland through the determination of free thyroxine concentration.Method: There were 150 participants in this study, split into two primary groups beta-thalassemia patients and healthy individuals. The result is measured using the ELISA for measurement of free thyroxine and polymerase chain reaction techniques for amplification of B-cell lymphoma /leukemia11A (BCL11A) gene polymorphism.Results: The findings showed a substantial drop in free thyroxine levels in beta-thalassemia patient groups as compared to the control group (P 0.01). The BCL11A gene has three alleles: homozygous CC, heterozygous TC, and homozygous TT. At (431 bais pair and 280 bais pair), (431 bais pair, 280 bais pair, and 195 bais pair), and (431 bais pair, and 195 bais pair), the bands appeared, respectively. The BCL11A rs11886868 gene is affected overall, and research into the causes of thalassemia found a substantial correlation between the BCL11A (rs 11886868) T and C-alleles and thalassemia (P-value = 0.004). The fact that these people have low serum thyroxine (T4) levels highlights the importance of routine screening to assess their endocrine function.

Objectives: Due to a variety of factors, individuals with diabetes are more likely to develop anemia. Chronic kidney disease, a frequent consequence of diabetes, is one of the key contributing factors. Diabetic neuropathy is another reason that can result in gastrointestinal bleeding and iron malabsorption. Healthcare providers must be aware of the connection between diabetes and anemia in order to closely monitor and treat both disorders and lessen their detrimental effects on general health and quality of life. This review sought to explore the underlying factors that lead to anemia in diabetic individuals, as well as the most prevalent kinds of anemia and suggested management approaches.Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google scholar were searched to find all relevant articles published in English until October 2023, using the specified search phrases, and we then brought up and analyzed all of the papers that matched the requirements.Results and conclusion: Collectively, managing anemia in diabetes patients is a difficult issue that calls for a multimodal approach. Early detection and effective therapy of anemia in diabetic patients depend on routine monitoring of the blood levels of hemoglobin, glycemic control, blood pressure, foot health, renal and retinal functions, neuropathy, and other comorbidities.

Introduction: “Corona virus-induced disease (COVID-19)” is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus (SARS-COV-2). In addition to respiratory symptoms, the infected people also experience urological symptoms such as renal impairment and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which include frequency, urgency, loin pain, pyuria, and hematuria. Infertility and urolithiasis have also been detected in some patients.Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the coronavirus on the urinary system and its consequences on the affected patients.Methods: A prospective case series study was conducted in Mosul City, Iraq. One hundred COVID-19 patients, after a positive PCR result, confirmed their infection with the coronavirus, were evaluated clinically and sent for urine analysis and a renal function test.Results: Among the 100 patients studied, more males (56%) than females (44%) were affected by COVID-19. Patients in the 51–60 age range have the highest incidence of urinary symptoms, with loin pain being the most common symptom (52%) and frequency coming in second (51%). Regarding urine analysis, pus cells, RBCs, and protein were observed in 48, 24, and 24%, respectively. Renal function tests were abnormal in 55% of infected patients.Conclusion: The impact of the coronavirus on the urinary system differs from one patient to another. Patients who are elderly are severely affected, and urinary manifestations appear to be more prominent in this age group. Moreover, acute kidney injury may happen in some individuals, particularly those who are hospitalized, and the lower urinary tract infection may be accompanied by fever, dehydration, or a prolonged homestay.

Origanum vulgare (O. Vulgare) is a medicinal and aromatic shrub. It is commonly used as a culinary spice and in "traditional medicine" to cure a variety of diseases. Almost all parts including roots, leaves, stems, and flowers, are employed in medical systems to treat a variety of ailments. In recent scientific literature, among other things, the plant was reported to behave clinical effectiveness against antibacterial, hyperglycemia, anthelminthic and antifungal actions. Carvacrol, limonene, thymol, ocimene, pinene, caryophyllene, terpenes-cymene, and other significant medicinal chemicals have been extracted from this genus through phytochemical studies. The phytochemical ingredients of O. vulgare are highlighted in this review and its traditional uses, as well as evidence-based studies on the plant's diverse pharmacological effects. This illustrates the importance of conducting a thorough investigation in order to report new information on the mechanisms of action of these impacts.

Background: The knee is the predominant weight-bearing joint affected by osteoarthritis, and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the 11^th significant cause of disability. As life expectancy has increased, the need for knee replacement procedures has grown, putting a major financial burden on patients and healthcare systems. Intra-articular (IA) injection of platelet rich plasma (PRP) promises to be a potential method in research for the more preservative and biological strategies to treat this chronic degenerative condition. PRP has expected to contain a high number of growth factors and proteins involved in tissue repair mechanisms.Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of intra-articular injections (IAIs) pure-PRP and their dosage regimen efficacy in patients with mild and moderate knee OA.Material and method: This study included 33 patients (11 male and 22 female). The patient groups included 16 with mild and 17 with moderate knee osteoarthritis. With ages ranged from 32 to 66 years old. These patients were divided into three groups based on dosage (12 received a single injection, 11 received a double injection, and 10 received a triple injection), with a two-week interval between injections. The outcome was measured using WOMAC index for pain, stiffness, and daily functional limitation, as well as laboratory testing for TNF-alpha using the Eliza technique. All the patients were assessed at baseline and after three months of injection. The study was designed as non-randomized controlled trial study during November 2021 to May 2022 at Al-imam Ali hospital, Babylon governorate, Iraq.Results: Regarding severity, In both mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis, serum TNF-alpha was significantly lower after treatment (p < 0.001). All WOMAC scores were showed significantly lower levels after treatment with pure-PRP as compared with their levels before treatment (p ≤ 0.001, Regarding the number of injections, all patients who received a single injection, double injections, and triple injections showed a significant decrease in the serum TNF-alpha and WOMAC scores (p 0.05) in both mild and moderate patients. The triple injections were more effective than double and single injections.Conclusions: In conclusion, the treatment with pure-PRP was safe and satisfactory for patients in terms of relieving clinical symptoms. The WOMAC scores has indicated that  improvement in pain relief for patients after injection and could act as an anti-inflammatory, as inflammatory marker TNF-alpha was reduced after injection, and there was a superior outcome to increasing dose numbers, as triple injection gave a positive outcome in both mild and moderate KOA when compared to single and double injection.

Alcoholism (Alcohol dependence) is considered a serial health problem because of tendency for con-sumption more alcohol, control losing and the physical dependence development. This cycle in most often featured by periods of craving, abstinence, and relapse. The cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, peptidergic, and different neurotransmitter systems in the brain are affected by alcohol consumption. The development of alcohol dependence is attributed to neuro-adaptations within the extended amygdala and mesocorticolimbic systems. Principally, the glutamatergic neurotransmission variations that resulted by alcohol consumption, lead to researches recommended in a focus on normalization of glutamatergic neurotransmission and glutamatergic receptors as a targeting therapy. Glutamatergic receptors are classified to ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA) and metabotropic receptors. Sodium dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Additionally, cysteine-glutamate antiporter which regulates cysteine -glutamate exchange at the synapse. At least 90% of extracellular glutamate displace particularly by GLT1. Ceftriaxone, GPI-1046 and MS-153, upregulate expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in mesocorticolimbic brain region.

Background and objective: Nursing homes are threatened by external and internal threats, effect of which may result in a crisis situation (state of emergency). While managing an already existing emergency, it is necessary to create conditions allowing the elderly to maintain their fundamental human and civil rights. Any interference with human and civil rights is acceptable only in a state of emergency when crisis measures are applied. Social isolation was one of the emergency measures within the Covid-19 pandemics and involuntary social isolation may result in one´s state of depression. To eliminate this prediction, it is necessary to create such conditions that enable the elderly to maintain their basic human needs as well as civil rights. The authors therefore aim to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of possible alternative communication tools and strategies in the nursing homes along with the ways of a potential reduction of negative effects of social contacts restrictions.Methods: On the basis of an online questionnaire, a community of experts evaluated alternative communication tools on a scale from 1 to 5, considering three factors: 1. benefit for the elderly; 2. financial requirements for purchasing/provision for a nursing home; 3. organization requirements for a nursing home. A cost-benefit evaluation was performed to determine a ranking of individual alternative tools.Results: The acquired results of questionnaire survey served as a tool to determine the ranking of importance of individual alternative communication tools that are feasible depending on specific conditions of a nursing home.Conclusion: The research identified useful tools that may help in the nursing homes to mitigate the impacts resulting from restrictions applied in the state of emergency and associated initiatives in the field of mental health.

The existence of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons poses a significant problem in terms of possible proliferation of technologies and materials, despite international agreements and regulations. The role of military forces in operations can be to support counter-proliferation initiatives to prevent their acquisition, deployment, or employment. The article analyzes the current situation in the field of site exploitation under CBRN environments, with a specific focus on biological threats. It describes a current state and a research question, which is addressed on the basis of scenario analysis methodology. The result is a scenario for the activities of troops in CBRN environments, which illustrates the possible operational reality during the localization of biological sites, their characterization and exploitation. The following application part presents proposals for the division of phases of the exploitation process and a proposal for the determination of CBRN and medical specialists of the Czech Armed Forces as the implementation elements.

Background: Remdesivir has recently been used more widely as an antiviral medication, possibly due to its potency against coronavirus.Aim: This study was aimed at detecting the toxicity of remdesivir on the liver and kidneys of albino rats at various doses, as well as the possibility of recovering to the normal structure of these tissues two weeks after drug discontinuation.Methods: Forty adult albino rats were divided into five groups (8 rats per group). The first group was the control group; the second group received 5 mg/kg remdesivir; the third group received 10 mg/kg for five days; and the fourth and fifth groups were withdrawal groups (treated as 2^nd and 3^rd groups then left for two weeks). After five days of treatment, the animals of the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd groups were sacrificed, while the animals of the withdrawal groups were killed after two weeks of drug discontinuation. Both the liver and kidneys were removed and prepared for histological examination.Results: Remdesivir-treated liver and kidneys showed histological alterations such as blood vessel congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, and localized hepatocyte degeneration. Meanwhile, kidney sections revealed localized vacuolation of the tubular epithelium, focal glomerular tuft shrinkage with Bowman's space dilatation.Conclusion: Remdesivir is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic mainly, at high doses. Even after drug withdrawal, structural alterations persist, particularly at high dosages, confirming that remdesivir toxicity is dose-dependent.

The elimination of most drugs based on liver/renal excretion; making liver and kidneys the commonest target organ for exposure to toxic materials. Long-term use of drugs surpassed the effect and aggravate the toxicity. Tuberculosis (TB) is chronic disease with long-term therapy and the deleterious impact of antitubelculosis is certain. Various pharmacokinetic manoveuors were proposed to avoid the potential harmful effect of TB therapy. The present study aimed at mitigating the destructive effects of TB therapy using propolis. To do so, rats were exposed to isoniazid or rifampicin or a combination of them in groups of 8 rats each for a period of 8-weeks these groups were matched with similar group with a propolis ad-on therapy. These results were compared to propolis-free negative control group and positive propolis-treated group. The histological and laboratory findings confirmed that isoniazid or rifampicin or a combination of them jeopardized hepatorenal function and induced deleterious damage. However, isoniazid has shown more intensive deleterious effect compared to rifampicin. Nonetheless, propolis restore the quasi-equilibrium status for kidney and liver via restoring its normal architecture and functionality. To sum up, the potential defect of anti-TB was restored via using propolis as add-on therapy, we do advise using propolis as an adjuvant TB therapy in critically–ill and clinical cases required long-term TB therapy.

This study aimed to investigate the concentration of pregabalin in the plasma of chicks to determine its pharmacokinetic parameters. Pregabalin (300 mg/kg) was administered orally to 42 clinically healthy Ross chicks as part of a randomized controlled study. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after drug administration from six chicks per each time. The concentrations of pregabalin in the plasma samples were determined using a quantitative HPLC assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the PKSolver program. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a noncom-partmental model. The concentrations of pregabalin were 133.80 ± 2.35, 183.20 ± 3.91, 295.60 ± 2.82, 248.40 ± 7.60, 219.00 ± 2.72 and 154.00 ± 5.50 μg/ml at the times 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h respectively. The pharmacokinetics parameters were t_1/2β 29 h, T_max 2 h, C_max 295 µg, K_el 0.023 h^-1, MRT 43h, V_d 1.127 L/h/kg, Cl 0.026 L/h/kg and AUC_0-∞ 11420.31 µg.h/ml. This study concluded that pregabalin has a long elimination half-life and poor clearance from the animal body, which is reflected in the prolonged impact of its action.

Many biological agents are epidemic or pandemic in nature (Ebola 2013, Spanish influenza 1918, Russian influenza 1989, SARS-CoV-2 2019). Recognising the onset of the spread of epidemics and pandemics remains a major challenge even in the 21^st century despite the technologies and scientific knowledge at our disposal, as is the successful management of such situations. The reason concerns the existence of biological diversity and the laws that govern it, which are very difficult to predict and which are virtually uncontrollable. It is gradually becoming apparent that the current spread of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 (9 million deaths since the beginning of the pandemic according to WHO) is characterised by very different characteristics (e.g. the exposure, transmission and spread of the viral infectious agent) in different populations and risk groups.Social services workers in the Czech Republic have been on the frontline for the duration of the pandemic and have been required to work in a high-risk infectious environment. This has led to the need for changes in their established working practices and approaches. Considerable creativity had to be employed particularly in the first year of the pandemic due to the scarcity of information on the new viral agent, the availability of which increased only slowly as the scientific community studied and analysed the various factors involved. Globally, the scientific community released its experimental data as soon as it became available; however, unfortunately, due to the nature of biomedical research, the release of the outputs failed to match the time requirements for their necessity in practice.Based on qualitative and quantitative research, the following text provides an analysis of the specific measures and the related difficulties, and the struggle to find solutions, that providers of selected types of social services faced during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.The survey results revealed that the issues in question had a common thread across the various types of social services, as well as a number of common features and challenges. The analysis of the results showed a noticeable shift between the initial period, which was characterised by the rapid onset of the spread of the pandemic, and the situation after 18 months of life under pandemic conditions, which was characterised by the lower incidence of problems and difficulties. One of the major outcomes of the study concerns the identification of the need for social service providers to be provided with a unified, clear and centrally managed process that is able to provide individualised methodological support. The results are based on a study conducted as part of "The Changes in Selected Social Services for People with Disabilities during the State of Emergency Instigated by a  Viral Disease" project.

Background: There is a marked use of technology by children in our societies, particularly during the last 2decades, which may be associated with limitation of their milestones developments including speech.Objectives: To determine the association between screen exposure and speech development delay among toddlers and preschoolers, to clarify the correlation linking the visioning of the screen and the input - data – of the child and his(her) mother, and to identify the impact of screen withdrawal on the possible enhancement of speech.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study enrolled children (n=237) who had a history of delay in speech or complete loss of the ability to speak as a chief complaint. The age ranged from 12–60 months categorized into two groups: toddlers and preschoolers. All cases had programmed medical visits to the private clinics of psychiatry in Nineveh Province, Iraq. Data were obtained from interview questionnaire reports including; digital device type, first exposure age, spent time, and child-maternal parameters. Follow-up for 6months was done beyond the departure of those media.Results: This study involved 47 (19.8%) toddlers, and 190 (80.2%) preschoolers with an inclination toward males. Children with speech postponement were spotted in around 225 (94.9%), while the others had complete loss of the ability to speak. In both sets, a considerable association between speech delay and screen viewing was shown, impressively those who commenced screen exposure at less than twenty-four months of age and consumed ≥4hr per day for screens visioning. Six –months after quitting these devices, there is speech improvement was recognized in 36.7% of cases.Conclusions: Positive associations were noticed between the first exposure age and high frequency of screen spent time and speech delays in children, especially toddlers. This work recommends an instantaneous parent's and researchers' consciousness, besides that from health consultants, on the acceptable usage of screen's visioning time in consonance with children to support healthy development in digital life.

Introduction: Objective of this study is to describe impact of gender, age, social status, and geographic location on mobility changes during the COVID-19 pandemic within the Czechia, Hradec Kralove region, and Ostrava region.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two regions in the Czechia: the Hradec Kralove region and the Ostrava region.Results: The age group of seniors 85 and older was more vulnerable to these alterations than other age groups. Age had a statistically significant impact on both the frequency of trips and the mode of transportation used. Seniors' shifts in mobility were more frequently impacted by urbanization, whereas the region's impact was seen in as many as five components. Transport, Route, and Time all showed the impact of urbanization. However, the region had the largest impact.Conclusion: There has been little evidence of the influence of age, gender, or social class on perceptions of changes during COVID-19. Research found conflicting evidence about older adults' physical activity throughout the epidemic.

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) is a complex, often post-traumatically developing impairment of the hip joint. It is characterized by ambiguous symptomatology, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Aim: The study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of a triaxial gyroscopic sensor in routine practice as an additional indication criterion for operative versus conservative treatment procedures. Methods: Ninety-two patients were included in the experimental retrospective study and 62 completed the examination. All patients signed informed consent. A gyroscopic sensor was placed on the right side of the pelvis above the hip joint and patients walked approximately 15 steps. Data were also evaluated while the patients climbed stairs. A complete clinical examination of the dynamics and physiological movements in the joint was performed. The data measured by the gyroscopic sensor were processed using differential geometry methods and subsequently evaluated using spectral analysis and neural networks. Results: FAI diagnosis using gyroscopic measurement is fast and easy to implement. Our approach to processing the gyroscopic signals used to detect the stage of osteoarthritis and post-traumatic FAI could lead to more accurate detection and capture early in FAI development. Conclusions: The obtained data are easily evaluated, interpretable, and beneficial in the diagnosis of the early stages of FAI. The results of the study show that this approach can lead to more accurate and early detection of osteoarthritis and post-traumatic FAI.

Background: The second-leading source of neoplasm-related death and a primary factor in gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer (CCR) affects both genders globally. Poor eating behaviours, tobacco, an intestinal inflammatory disorder, swellings, inherited characteristics, and the elderly all increase the threat of acquiring this malignancy. The illness is more hostile in patients detected at earlier ages, although 90% of patients with colorectal tumours are older than 50, with a median oldness of 64 years. American Cancer Association estimates that it caused more than 49,700 fatalities in 2015.Objectives: Study the correlation of midkine with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), liver function tests, and white blood cell count in patients with colorectal carcinoma.Methods: The serum midkine and CEA of all subjects were measured by the ELISA technique, Liver enzymes were measured by colourimetric methods and neutrophils, and lymphocytes were measured by an Electrical Impedance Cell Counting method (automated machine).Conclusion: The study results of the correlation between serum midkine and other parameters in colorectal carcinoma patients show a significant positive correlation of midkine with CEA, liver enzyme, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.

Background and Objectives: Initial diagnosis of brest cancer (BC) is important for fate and prognosis of the diseases profile, we sought to identify the correlation between Midkine (MK) as a new biomarker with cancer antigen (CA)15-3, liver function test, renal function test, blood cells parameters in individuals with invasive ductal carcinoma.Methods: The serum MK and CA15-3  of all subjects were measured by the ELISA technique, Liver enzymes were measured by colourimetric methods and neutrophils, and lymphocytes were measured by an Electrical Impedance Cell Counting method (automated machine).Results: The results of the correlation among serum MK and other parameters in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast showed a considerable positive correlation among MK and CA15-3 and measured white blood cells. Moreover, there were a weak correlation with Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and RBC, while there is no correlation between serum MK and other liver enzymes or blood parameters. Conclusion: The study results of the correlation between serum MK and other parameters in colorectal carcinoma patients show a significant positive correlation of MK with CA15-3 markers in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

Trichloronate is a racemic organophosphatioate insecticide. It induced delayed neuropathic in hens and human. The avian are species with greater susceptibility to organophosphorus poisoning due to their low levels of A-esterases. However, a copper-dependent hydrolyzing activity of hexyl dichlorophenyl phosphoramidate (HDCP), known as “antogonistic stereoselectivity” was recently identified in chicken serum. This study shows the activating effect of copper on the hydrolysis of trichloronate enantiomers by turkey serum and albumin (TSA) using chiral chromatography with CHIRALCEL OD column and heptane HPLC as mobile phase. The trichloronate hydrolysis levels (µM remaining concentration of each isomer) quantified at 37 °C, pH 7.4 and 60 minutes of turkey serum (10 μL) incubated with 300 μM of copper were statistically higher p˂0.05) for (-)-trichloronate (65 %) than (+)-trichloronate (32%). This estereoselective hydrolysis observed in turkey serum was confirmed by the incubation of 200 μg of turkey serum albumin (amount of this protein estimated in the 10 mL of turkey serum) with 400 μM of racemic trichloronate and 300 μM of copper at physiological condition during 60 minutes; hydrolysis values of 90% and 72% were obtained for (-)-trichloronate and (+)-tricholoronate. In conclusion, the present study evidences the hydrolysis of an organophosphatioate racemic for an A-esterase activity in turkey serum and identifies albumin as the cuproprotein responsible of this Cu²⁺-dependent stereoselective hydrolysis of this chiral insecticide in the turkey serum.

Smart hydrogels are special type of hydrogels that undergo solution-gelation transition in response to alterations in the environment. Solution-gel transformation is brought about through either physical or chemical cross-linking that occur between the hydrogel chains. Various stimulating factors have been identified to be responsible for the change in the physical state of the intelligent hydrogel. The most important triggering factors are the temperature, pH, ions, electrical signalling, magnetic field, glucose, light and others. Each of these stimulating factors can trigger the swelling of the hydrogel through unique mechanism. Many of these triggering factors are characteristics of the biological systems which make the smart polymers quite beneficial for different biomedical applications. Numerous natural and synthetic polymers have been distinguished to act as smart materials. These polymers impressed the scientists to use them in many biomedical and industrial applications such as drug delivery systems, gene therapy applications, tissue engineering and many other applications.

Background: Carbonated beverages are very popular worldwide. Carbonated beverage consumption vast increase raises great health concerns regarding their effect on calcium homeostasis besides obesity and renal function. Carbonated beverages sugar content, caffeine, and acidulant all can affect in a way or another calcium absorption, metabolism and excretion. The latter has direct effect on teeth, bone and general wellbeing. This study aims to reveal the effect of sub-chronic intake of carbonated beverage on urinary pH, crystalluria, calcium excretion.Methods: 21 healthy volunteers have been recruited in this study (9 males and 12 females) abstain for any carbonated beverages for at least the previous 4 weeks before participating in this study. Urine has been collected over 24 hours, the next day each volunteer has to drink 250 ml of carbonated beverage (Pepsi^®) daily for 3 weeks. On the last day, urine was collected again over 24hr. pH, crystalluria, and calcium in urine have been measured.Results: Urine pH and crystalluria after 3 weeks' intake of 250 ml of carbonated beverage did not statistically differ from urine pH before the intake. Although, there was a trend toward reduction in pH and an increase in crystalluria. Total calcium excretion in urine increase was statistically significant when compared with calcium excretion at the study beginning.Conclusion: The regular intake of carbonated beverage (Pepsi^®) increase calcium excretion. Thus, it may be advisable to increase the intake of milk or other dairy product to overcome the adverse impact of carbonated beverages.

The study was designed to evaluate the medical relevance of total homocysteine (tHcy), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and after chemotherapy for women with breast cancer (BRCA). Blood samples were taken from Oncology Unit in Merjian Teaching hospital in Hilla city (Iraq). Sixty patients suffering from breast cancer (BRCA) were enrolled in this study, and twenty-one apparently healthy subjects were considered as a control group control. We found that significantly increased lipid peroxidation, measured as MDA, was demonstrated in the serum of BRCA patients who were not taken any medication was higher than in the control group (P<0.01) were (25±15) nmol/ml of MDA levels in BRCA patient and (14.5±7.9) nmol/ml of MDA levels in healthy controls. We found that treatment by chemotherapy resulted in a significant increase in MDA levels when compared with MDA levels in patients who were not taken any medication. The tHcy level in BRCA patients before and after treatment were changed. In addition, it is found that the mean serum TAC levels in BRCA patients were significantly less than in the control group. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the activity of chemotherapy and MDA levels in the patient and the same correlation between tHcy levels and TAC levels while a negative correlation was observed between TAC levels with MDA levels in the patient group.

The nerve agents of the A-series are relatively recent chemical weapons with no antidote available yet (1). Once inside the human body, those chemicals act similarly to the classic nerve agents, by binding to the catalytic residue Serine 203 (Ser203) of human acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) and thus preventing the proper function of this enzyme. However, there is no experimental evidence yet if the current antidotes for intoxication by nerve agents are also capable of restoring AChE inhibited by the nerve agents of the A-series. In order to launch some light on this issue, we used computational techniques (molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA interaction energy calculations) to assess the performances of the four currently available commercial oximes (2-PAM, HI-6, obidoxime and trimedoxime) when in contact with HssAChE inhibited by the agent A-242 (2). Based on the near-attack conformation (NAC) criterion, our results suggest that the commercial oximes would have limited efficacy to reactivate the enzyme since they are not able to properly approach the adduct Ser203-A-242. Among those oximes, trimedoxime seems to be the most promising, since it showed lower values of energy in the MM-PBSA calculations, a higher stability inside the catalytic anionic center (CAS) of HssAChE and was able to adopt a position closer to the NAC that could enable the reactivation mechanism.