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Drug induced acute pancreatitis is worldwide a very rare cause of acute pancreatitis at all. In the literature and in the statistics it comprises only 0.1-2 % of all cases of acute pancreatitis. Nowadays, more than 200 potential dangerous drugs are specified, that they can cause acute pancreatitis. The exact mechanism of this adverse drug reaction is still unclear and to establish the diagnosis one has to exclude more common form of acute pancreatitis (caused especially by gallstones and alcohol) and find the time connection with recieving a new, risky medication.

Cancer cells have a special energy metabolism that enables them to multiply quickly. Under normal oxygen conditions, the Warburg effect is a distinguishing aspect of cancer metabolism in which anaerobic glycolysis is favored. Enhanced glycolysis also helps to produce nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, and folic acid, all of which are necessary for cancer cell division. In a variety of metabolic processes, including glycolysis, the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) mediates redox reactions. NAD levels that are higher promote glycolysis and supply energy to cancer cells. NAD metabolism, like energy metabolism, is linked in cancer genesis and could be a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this research, NAD-consuming enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and SIRT1, have been investigated in breast cancer patients, in addition to detect the levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin K levels. Sixty participants were enrolled in this study, 30 women with breast cancer and 30 controls. Serum were analysed for determination of the levels of PARP1, SIRT1, MDA, SOD, and vitamin K. The results showed a drop in the expression levels of PARP and that was concomitant with the elevation in the expression levels of SIRT1 and MDA, in addition to the drop in SOD and vitamin K levels. These findings suggest that SIRT1 might be the most NAD-consuming enzyme in cancerous cells rather than PARP (the DNA repair enzyme), and this increase in MDA with the drop in  SOD and vitamin K might be associated with the increase in cell proliferation and a decrease in apoptotic cell death. Finally, this study could be used as a treatment option for patients with breast cancer. could be used as a treatment option for patients with breast cancer.

The aim of the article is to review activities of selected European armies during the Covid-19 pandemic aimed at protecting their own forces and supporting societies in danger. The attention is drawn to the importance of protection against the pandemic and its legal and organizational conditions. The analysis is based on the example of the Polish Armed Forces. The method of information exchange in the case of an outbreak of infectious diseases among soldiers and civilians in NATO is presented, taking into account various national solutions. The scope and methods of using chemical troops during disinfection of people, equipment, and infrastructure are analyzed in detail.

Based on many reports, an unmistakable link probably exists between diabetes mellitus and COVID-19. A major predisposing factor determining severity and mortality of COVID-19 is diabetes mellitus, diabetic patients were shown to be at higher risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease than non-diabetics; many recent studies reported a striking prevalence of DM in those diagnosed with COVID-19. Accordingly, antidiabetic drugs can possibly impact the clinical course and / or the outcome of this infection, either by alleviating diabetes-associated symptoms, minimizing its complications, or by mitigating or aggravating COVID-19 disease by effects independent from their direct antidiabetic effects. Several antidiabetic drug classes were shown to have varying effects, like blocking viral entry to cells, as well as having immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, or cardioprotective effects; such effects could prove beneficial for COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, some antidiabetic agents may have adverse effects that aggravate patients’ condition like hypoglycemia, fluid retention, increased weight or lactic acidosis, which require special consideration in patient management. Some of the drugs were found in observational studies to either reduce mortality from COVID-19 or pose no harm, but more solid evidence from clinical trials is still lacking.

Interaction between a host cell and pathogen is a permanent event and can have either adverse outcome leading to disease or great benefit for their mutual co-existence. Understanding pathological host–pathogen interaction is a prerequisite for unveiling the strategies of pathogens virulence. A number of methods exist today for deciphering and characterizing host–pathogen interaction. To increase their sensitivity and accuracy, these methods are commonly used in combinations, such as affinity purification and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, cross-linking together with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, or stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture with affinity purification. In this review, we focus on study of the early interaction time interval when the pathogen binds and invades the host cell and activates sophisticated mechanisms to overcome the host defense barrier. We briefly describe the methods applied in identifying bacterial–host cell protein interactions while emphasizing these methods’ various strengths and weaknesses.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to see how systemic vitamin D3 supplementation affected the durability of dental implants as assessed by radiofrequency analysis.Methods: This split-mouth clinical trial included a total of twelve patients seeking dental implant therapy, ranging in age from 25 to 50 years. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Each patient in both groups received dental implants in posterior maxillary extraction sites. The radiofrequency analysis (RFA) was conducted using Osstell Mentor device to evaluate the stability of dental implant at various time points.Results: During the three months of the trial, substantial differences between the treatment and control groups were detected according to osstell meter device at the time of insertion (primary stability) and 3 months later (secondary stability).Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation has a positive effect on dental implant stability.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder with characteristic symptoms and several pathological hallmarks. The concept of “one drug, one target” has not generated any new drugs since 2004. The new era of drug development in the field of AD builds upon rationally designed multi-target directed ligands that can better address the complexity of AD (1). Herewith, we designed ten novel derivatives of 2-propargylamino-naphthoquinone. The biological evaluation of these compounds includes inhibition of monoamine oxidase A/B, inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation, radical-scavenging, and metal-chelating properties. Some of the compounds possess low cytotoxicity profile with an anti-inflammatory ability in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cellular model. All these features warrant their further testing in the field of AD (2).

Introduction: “Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)” is an inflammatory disorder that affects the axial skeleton,   peripheral joints, as well as entheses, resulting in significant disability. “Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)” inhibitors are regarded to be a helpful treatment for patients with active “AS”. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and response rate of “etanercept” in a group of patients with “ankylosing spondylitis” in Mosul, Iraq.Methods: A prospective, “open-labeled”, non-randomized 12 weeks study was undertaken on 43 participants with “ankylosing spondylitis” in the “Rheumatology unit” of “Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital”, and the diagnosis was made using the “modified New York criteria”. Participants were assessed at the outset of the study, week 4, and week 12 after receiving etanercept 50mg subcutaneously once weekly. The “Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)” was utilized to assess disease activity, while the “Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Function Index” was utilized to assess functional status (BASFI) at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. BASDAI 50 was used to assess the response rate.Results: Mean patients’ age was “36.6±8.47” years; men accounted for “90.7 %” of the cases, with the mean disease length being “9.6±5.90” years. A marked decrease in BASFI and BASDAI was found four and twelve weeks after commencing treatment compared to baseline (p=0.000).  “BASDAI 50 %” response was fulfilled by 42.5 % of the participants after 4 weeks and by 65%% after 12 weeks of therapy with “etanercept”. There was a marked fall in the mean ESR and CRP after four and twelve weeks of “etanercept” therapy.Conclusion: In “AS” patients,  once weekly “etanercept” 50 mg given subcutaneously for twelve weeks was an effective therapy.

Background: Several alternative prevention strategies are being employed in various clinical settings to reduce Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Despite the proposed theoretical advantage of these strategies, there is no agreement on their relative effectiveness in real practice. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of CIN and to report on the real effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate to protect the kidney from CIN in various cardiac patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, cohort study. A total of 60 patients admitted between January 2016 and November 2021 who were undergoing coronary angiography at a single Saudi center were included.  All patients received either intravenous sodium bicarbonate or normal saline hydration prior to, during, and after the implementation of CM.  CIN was defined as serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 25% or ≥ 0.5 mg/dL compared to the baseline value within 48 h after CM exposure.Results: Among all patients, the incidence of CIN at 24 and 48 h was 16.7% and 15%, respectively. Strikingly, the incidence of CIN at both time points was significantly higher among patients who received sodium bicarbonate than among those who received normal saline hydration only [30% vs. 3.6% (P=0.012) and 38% vs. 3.3% (P=0.002), respectively].  Dyslipidemia status was the most positive predictor of CIN incidence at both time points.Conclusions: The 16.7% incidence of CIN in this sample is considered very high compared to the rates in previous national and international studies.  This finding indicated that further preventive measures should be urgently initiated with strict protocols for the implementation of CM according to updated guidelines.

Background: Hydatidosis is a deadly parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. It has received much attention due to widespread health and economic concerns. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three hydatid cysts from the slaughterhouse and butcher shops were analyzed, 17 from the lung and 16 from the liver. The specimens were collected from hydatid fluid and grown on nutritional agar and MacConkey agar using a sterile loop. A Vitek- 2 compact instrument was used to identify bacteria. The viability of the protoscoleces was also determined in these hydatid cysts. Results: The secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts was 24 (72.7%) from a total of thirty-three samples. Several types of bacteria have been isolated from hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts. Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest infection rate in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reaching 20.83% while the lowest infection rate was 4.17% for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus garvieae, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas stutzer and Vibro vulnificus. Staphylococcus lentus and Lactococcus garvieae had the highest effect on the viability of protoscoleces in liver and lung, reaching 0%, and 13% respectively. Eleven of a total of 13 types of bacteria isolated from hydatid cysts in the liver and lung: were diagnosed for the first time and had not previously been recognized by earlier investigation. The rates of bacterial infection in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were 76.47% and 68.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our current study indicate that the secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reached (72.7%), and different types of bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts have a clear effect on the viability of protoscoleces.

Background: Cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP2) is a monomeric glycoprotein that is mostly expressed in the intermediate zone of articular cartilage and can be detected in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The level of CILP2 in serum and its quantity on the articular cartilage surface and throughout the articular cartilage indicates the potential utility of CILP2 for investigation as a biomarker for determining cartilage deterioration in joint disorders. The CILP2 measurement of changes in cartilage biomarkers may be an effective and sensitive tool for detecting the early development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in people at risk for KOA. Changes in CILP2 levels may be beneficial for the early diagnosis of KOA, as CILP2 appears to be linked to cartilage thickness reduction in people who are more likely to develop KOA. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) effectiveness of transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and the vascular endothelial growth factor is thought to be related to their release. Because of their capacity to increase matrix formation,growth factors have been widely researched for OA and cartilage regeneration. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan polymer composed of N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid disaccharide molecules. Early embryonic development, inflammatory, wound repair, cell differentiation, and viscoelasticity are all affected by HA, and other biological processes The study was aimed to evaluate effecte of CILP2 levels after intraarticular injecting pure platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid into patients with early knee osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods: BT LAB kits were used to assess the serum CILP2 level. The experimental investigation included 18 control groups, 10 HA injections, and 21 pure PRP injections. age ranged from 35 to 75. The study was exluded all individuals with advanced osteoarthritis in the knee, COVID-19, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. the time frame running from November 2021 until June 2022. Other variables in our research were age, gender, family history, use of antihypertensive medications or medications for other disorders, and body mass index (BMI). Results: The findings of this study demonstrate elevated CILP2 levels in patients with early KOA before treatments injection compared with the healthy control. After treatments injection, the level of CILP2 was decreased compared with before injection.Conclusions: CILP2 could be one of the prognostic signs of early KOA.

The pаthоphysiolоgy of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has been linked to oxidative stress (OS), which is defined as an imbalance between the formation of oxidants and the antioxidant defense system. The goal of this study was to assess the state of OS in recurrent spontaneous abortion by assessing some of its indicators in order to identify women who are at risk of abortion and enhance their reproductive health. Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), progesterone (P4), glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), pеrоxynitritе (ONOO^-), and mаlоndialdеhyde (MDA) were measured in 40 healthy non-pregnant (HNP) women, 40 healthy pregnant (HP) women without abortion history, and 21 women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (Have at least ≥ 3 consecutive abortion). All subjects are of reproductive age, with the mother gestational age in the HP and RSA groups being ≤ 20 weeks. According to maternal gestational age, RSA and HP women were separated into two categories (1^st & 2^nd trimester). According to the findings of this study, Prx3 and GSH levels declined considerably in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP patients, but ONOO^- and MDA levels increased statistically significantly in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP groups. However, P4 of RSA was found to be significantly lower in the HP group and much higher in the HNP group. The difference in uric acid levels between the RSA and HP groups was statistically significant, but the difference between the RSA and HNP groups was not.Within the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, the difference between the RSA and HP groups showed statistically significant changes in oxidative stress-related biomarkers, with the exception of uric acid, which showed a non-significant difference between the two groups within the second trimester.Finally, the effect of gestational age within RSA was revealed, with serum Prx3 and P4 showing a significant difference between the first and second stages of pregnancy, whereas other oxidative stress indicators were unaffected by pregnancy length within the RSA group.

The most vital factors that hostile health human are toxic heavy metals (THMs). Heavy metals are harmful environmental contaminants that can decrease the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and afterwards impede a healthy birth. Both paternal and maternal toxic metal exposure could influence pregnancy, So the rates of pregnancy failure are constantly rising. The current study's goal is to explore the effect of Pеrоxirеdоxin 3 antioxidant, as well as some toxic metals (TMs) such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury in missed abortion patients and compared with healthy pregnant and non˗pregnant women without a history of abortion in order to evaluate the degree of this effect on this pathological situation. Additionally, it will demonstrate the connection between these biochemical variables and gestational age. Pеrоxirеdоxin 3 (Prx3), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg) as a (THMs) were estimated in 40 healthy non˗pregnant (HNP) women, 40 healthy prеgnаnts (HP) with no abortion history, and 20 women with missed abortion (MA). All woman participants are of reproductive age, with the maternal gestational age in the HP and MA groups being ≤ 20 weeks. Maternal gestational age was used to categorize MA and HP women into two groups (1^st & 2^nd trimester).Regarding to the findings of recent research, Prx3 levels declined noticeably in MA patients compared to HP and HNP groups, on other hand the difference of toxic metals which represented in this study as: (As, Cd, and Hg)  elevated statistically significantly in MA patients compared to HP and HNP groups. Within the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, the difference of Prx3 levels showed statistically significant reduction between the MA and HP groups. A statistical significance elevation was found between the two comparable gestational age of both groups in regard to blood serum (As, Cd, and Hg) levels. Lastly, the impact of gestational period within MA cases was revealed, serum (Cd) and (Hg) showing a significant variation between the first and second trimester of pregnancy, whereas Prx3 and (As)  were unaffected by pregnancy advances within the MA group.

Background: Disruption of the IL-6 axis can result in the beginning or progression of a variety of disease states, including cardiovascular diseases. Because of IL-6’s pathogenic function, pharmacologic manipulation of the IL-6 axis is a sensible therapeutic strategy; nevertheless, various expected, yet frequently overlooked, effects on tissues and organs other than blood vessels may also occur. The study’s goal is as follows: The purpose of this study is to see how inflammatory Interleukin-6 affects the development of coronary artery disease.Materials and Methods: Serum IL-6 level was estimated using Elabscience^® kits. A case-control study included 30 CAD patients, 30 positive controls (PC) [(have family history for CAD)], and  30 negative controls (NG) [they have no family history for CAD]. Ranged from 30 to 81 years old. Patients with acute or chronic illnesses such as liver disease, renal disease, thyroid function disorders, COVID-19, and autoimmune disease were excluded from the study. During the period from December 2020 to May 2021. Our study was included other factors such as ages, genders, smoking, family history, antihypertensive drugs or drugs for other diseases, body mass index (BMI)  which were assessed.Results: The results of this study show increased levels of IL-6 in patients with CAD compared with the PC and NC These results showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the concentrations compared with PC and NC.Conclusions: IL-6 could be one of the prognostic signs of CAD.

A significant effort has been made to innovative treatment approaches in majority of haematooncologic diseases including myelodysplastic syndromes. Adopting novel therapies brings new questions about enhancing their efficacy. Increasing evidence show a significant role of tumour microenvironment, which compounds of cytokines, chemokines, soluble adhesion molecules, specific T-lymphocyte populations and further populations of antigen presenting cells.In this article, we publish results of our pivotal trial analysing serum levels of cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes treated with hypomethylating agent Azacytidine. We analyse factors associated with levels of measured analytes, overall survival and treatment failure. Incorporating both clinical and experimental data into analyses helps to achieve a deeper insight into biology of myelodysplastic syndromes and the crosstalk of tumour microenvironment and outcome of therapies in general.

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen belonging to the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. This African arbovirus caused a large bird die-off near Vienna in 2001. Since then the virus spread in Central, Southern and Western Europe. USUV is a primarily pathogen of birds, highly pathogenic especially for blackbirds (Turdus merula), but with proven pathogenicity for other bird species, mainly from orders Accipitriformes and Strigiformes. However, the number of human cases of USUV infection has increased recently. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on USUV taxonomy, its genome, transmission cycle involving mosquitoes as vectors and vertebrate hosts, endemic occurrence in Africa and expansive spread in Europe, surveillance in individual European countries, pathology and clinical manifestations in vertebrates, laboratory diagnosis of infection and available treatment.

The mercury is a persistent and whidespread heavy metal with neurotic effects in wildlife. To determine the overall mercury exposure in the locality Zastávka u Brna (Czech Republic), total of 71 great mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) building demolition casualties (23 male and 48 female) were examined. Bats were classified as juvenile or adult. The 71 samples of fur, muscle and wing membrane were collected for analysis to determine total mercury concentrations (THg). The THg was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry using AMA 254 analyzer (Altec Ltd., Dvur Kralove nad Labem, Czech Republic) in the fresh weight. The THg measured values ranged from 1.7 to 20.0 mg.kg-1, from 0.05 to 0.25 mg.kg^-1 and from 0.03 to 0.19 mg.kg^-1 in the fur, muscle and wing membrane, respectively. The mean THg content in the fur, muscle and wing membrane was 6.2±4,03 mg.kg^-1, 0.1±0.041mg.kg^-1 and 0.084±0.03 mg.kg^-1, respectively. There was no difference between THg values in males and females as well as in the study by Åkerblom et al. (2017). The positive correlation between THg content in analyzed tissues were found (fur and muscle p=0,000; r_s= 0.5501; muscle and wing membrane p=0.000, r_s=0.5567; wing membrane and fur p=0.000 r_s=0.9997). According to Zukal et al. (2015) the bats are suitable trophic guild as an indicator of general environment condition.

Iron status in this clinical trial was represented as "Serum  Iron, Total  iron˗  binding capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated iron˗ binding capacity  (UIBC), Transferrin saturation, Packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb)", were evaluated in the blood of  98 healthy participant women, including 35 healthy non-pregnant women aged between (18-45) years as a control group and 63 healthy pregnant women aged between (15-44) years which divided into two groups depending on gestational age, the first group in the first trimester aged between (15-38) years; the second group in the third trimester aged between (21-44) years; in order to investigate the impacts of pregnancy and gestational period on iron status. The dedication of the contemporary research was to conclude the physiological changes in iron conditions in pregnant women in relation with non-pregnant women. Regarding this results that are recorded in the current research, a great significant drop in the level of the serum iron, transferrin saturation, PCV, Hb in "the first and third trimester" of pregnant women when comparison done with the control cases, while a statistical significance elevation of TIBC and UIBC level in the first and third trimester of pregnancy compared with control groups. Finally, the results of the mean value of iron status showed a meaningful difference between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

At the beginning of January this year, we celebrated a significant milestone in the life of Major General (ret.) Roger Van Hoof, MD, a distinguished personality and international authority on military medicine. He is a former Surgeon General of the Belgian Army, long-time Secretary-General and current Honorary Secretary-General of the International Committee of Military Medicine (ICMM). On this occasion, we would like to recall at least some of his life and career highlights. ...

Every year many drug molecules discovered to be effective in treatment of many diseases, however not all of these drugs succeed in reaching the market. One of the main reasons for such failure is the lipophilicity or low water solubility of these chemicals which results in poor bioavailability. Nanoemulsion has the ability to deliver these drugs in an efficient way. Nanoemulsion, which is usually o/w emulsion can incorporate this lipophilic drug into nanolipoidal droplets. However, the difficulty in applying liquid dosage form can be overcome by using nanoemulgel system. Nanoemulgel considered as a suitable way to deliver lipophilic drugs through topical route. This review tries to highlight the importance of nanoemulgel as a drug delivery system. The components of the systems have been explored and the methods of preparations including high energy methods and low energy methods have been discussed. Different methods were used in characterization of such delivery system; all of these methods and techniques were reviewed briefly. Finally, the recent researches about different applications of emulgel in local delivery or systemic delivery has been discussed. To conclude, the nanoemulgel applications in drug delivery is very promising and many products will find their way to the markets soon.

As in everyday life, it was necessary to respond to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic at the campus of the Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, as well. The management of the faculty took a number of measures, but for the academic sphere, the most important of these was the restriction of contact teaching. The way, in which teaching and training would proceed in the limited conditions, has been delegated to the heads of departments and guarantors of individual subjects. The Department of Military Medical Service Organization tested a teaching model which brought new knowledge that can be worked with in the future.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological state characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes without alcohol consumption. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). Xanthohumol (XN), a hop-derived prenylflavonoid, has been reported to ameliorate steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in murine NAFLD models (2). This study aimed to investigate the effect of XN on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in an in vitro model of NAFLD. For this purpose, fat accumulation was induced in murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) with a medium containing fatty acids (mixture of oleic and palmitic acid), fructose, and citrate. PCLS were treated with 10 µM XN in the presence or absence of 1 µM insulin for 24 and 36 h. The mRNA expression, specific activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, and triglyceride content were determined. Specific activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were decreased after 24 and 36 h in PCLS treated with the steatotic medium and only a slight increase in response upon XN treatment was observed. In steatotic PCLS, XN caused significant increase in the mRNA expression of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, GSTA1/2, and GSTM3 after 36 h. The influence of XN on the protein expression of these enzymes will be further studied.

Cancer disease has a complicated pathophysiology and is one of the major causes of death and morbidity. Classical cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. A typical treatment is chemotherapy, which delivers cytotoxic medications to patients to suppress the uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells. Conventional oral medication has a number of drawbacks, including a lack of selectivity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance, all of which offer significant obstacles to effective cancer treatment. Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major challenge for effective cancer chemotherapeutic interventions. The advent of nanotechnology approach has developed the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment. Cancer nanotechnology enables direct access to tumor cells, resulting in enhanced drug localization and cellular uptake. Since the early 1990’s, several solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) or SLN-based systems for the delivery of cytotoxic drugs have been manufactured and tested with success. High shear homogenization, microemulsion-based SLN, Supercritical fluid technology, spray drying, and solvent emulsification/evaporation methods can all be used to successfully formulate SLN.There is great potential to enhance cancer chemotherapy by incorporating it into a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) drug delivery system. Improving tumor diffusivity, improvement of body distribution, and inhibiting MDR are the main attributes. This type of review article discusses advantages and disadvantages of SLNs, their production techniques, and their potential usage in the treatment of various cancers.

This article describes the characterization and application of collagenase-based chitosan nanofiber membranes with rat burns. Electrospun chitosan nanofibers were functionalized with clostridial collagenase using carbodiimide chemistry. The immobilized collagenase was characterized by enzyme activity, kinetic constants, and dry storage stability measurements using a Pz-peptide substrate. The apparent kinetic constants K_M and V_max of immobilized collagenase showed a high affinity for the peptide substrate compared to the free enzyme. Drying of chitosan membranes with immobilized collagenase ensured 98 % stability of enzyme activity after rehydration. The effect of collagenase immobilized on chitosan nanofibers on the burn of the rat model was compared with a control treatment with chitosan nanofibers. The healing of the wound with both materials was terminated after 30 days at the same time, although the collagenase wound healed more rapidly during healing. The scar area size after the application of collagenase-containing chitosan nanofiber membranes was 31.6 % smaller than when only chitosan nanofibers were used.

Graphene has been used increasingly in recent years in many fields for its unique physical, chemical and optical properties such as optical sensitivity, electronic and thermal conductivity. (1, 2). For this reason, it is important to verify its biocompatibility and the effect of graphene cell accumulation on metabolism, cell proliferation and motility. We tested a stable lung epithelial cell line A549 treated with chronic doses of nanographene platelets PlasmaChem GmbH (Berlin, Germany, product number PL-P-G750) in non-toxic concentrations of 5, 15 and 30 μg/ml graphene for 8 weeks. After this long-term cultivation the cells were analysed for metabolism, proliferation, cell cycle and motility. In this presentation, we focused on the study of cell migration, motility and microscopic imaging of the cytoskeleton and graphene accumulation in cells.
Our results demonstrate that accumulation of graphene platelets significantly decreased motility of cells. The motility was studied as chemotaxis in transwell assays and spontaneous cell motility (3). Chemotaxis migration was limited to 25% and spontaneous motility to 54% compared to control.
We consider the findings obtained in this pilot study important, since cellular motility is a key component of vital biological processes and survival of cells with accumulated graphene platelets could potentially impair regeneration of tissues.

Background and objectives: hyperlipidemia is the hallmark of cardiovascular diseases, namely hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and strokes. Treatment should be satisfactory to tackle the lipid disorder and maintain the circulatory normal lipid profile. Many factors/cofactors coordinate to maintain lipid levels within normal to avoid subsequent hazards associated with hyperlipidemia. Coenzyme Q10 is a ubiquitous endogenous biomolecule that plays an important biological role in the lipid catabolic pathway. The goal of the study is to define the role of Coenzyme Q10 in hyperlipidemic mice model induced manually.Methods: to do so, a diet based hyperlipidemia state was induced in mice and they were distributed into different groups to conform with our study objectives. A Coenzyme Q10 treated group was compared to the negative control group and the positive control group was used as well.Results: The biochemical and histological outcomes declared that Coenzyme Q10 has important lipid-reducing effects which are parallel or even superior to lipid reducing drugs (e.g. Rosuvastatin). Conclusion of the present study addressed the lipid-lowering properties of Coenzyme Q10 in a newly induced hyperlipidemia mouse model bestowing the use of Coenzyme Q10 as add-on adjuvant therapy in a high-risk group or as a monotherapy in a prophylactic group.

Introduction: Livestock, including sheep, are infected with many types of parasitic diseases, and among these diseases is fascioliasis, or the so-called liver rot, which is caused by the Fasciola hepatica worm. This disease is widespread in many regions of the world, especially those with moderate climatic conditions. This disease harms the state’s economy and livestock breeders due to the high rates of infection, which greatly affects animal production.Materials: Wax sections were made from F. hepatica, cut with a thickness of 7 microns, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Von Kossa technique to investigate the calcium sites in different organs of the worm.Results: There was a clear discrepancy in the density of calcium present in several internal organs of F. hepatica.Conclusion: We infer from this research that there is a clear variation in the density of calcium as well as the size and shape of the calcareous corpuscles in their different locations in the worm’s organs.

Reproductive health is challenged by contemporary lifestyles. Health issues such as menstrual problems, cancers, infertility, and sexual dysfunction have been rising (1-3). For example, nowadays, more than 20% of couples experience infertility problems (1). Recently, a growing piece of evidence supports an association between chemical exposure and reproductive disorders (2,3). Traditionally, animal models have been used to elucidate human reproductive health development, disorders, and pathologies, including mechanistic insight. Reproductive toxicity testing of chemicals for regulatory purposes also relies on them. Therefore, it is vital to address the challenges concerning the use of animal-based models for reproductive toxicology and biomedicine and provide an overview of currently available 3Rs strategies. This talk will acknowledge the urgent need for animal-free models focusing on testes and ovaries, as their proper development and functionality are critical for a lifelong healthy reproductive system and due to their sensitivity to chemicals (2,3), with some specific examples from our current studies. Then, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept will be applied to summarize currently available mechanistic knowledge covering key events at all levels of the biological organization and some potential early biomarkers of reproductive impairments will be proposed. Finally, chemically-induced disruption leading to reproductive disorders and dysfunctions will be discussed.

Introduction: Coronavirus pandemic is currently a global health concern with no established treatment guidelines. The aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine combined with azithromycin in patients with positive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) admitted to the hospital with severe dyspnea, as well as the incidence of occurrence of adverse effects.Methods: It was intended to utilize a retrospective clinical study of approximately 250 adult patients admitted to the ALSALAM Teaching Hospital in Mosul city with mild to moderate COVID-19 in order to evaluate treatment efficacy in combination with clinical and biochemical findings. Two groups were involved in the research. The first patient group consisted of 250 people who got hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with azithromycin, while the second untreated control group consisted of 100 individuals who received no medication as part of the research.Results: Baseline parameters (clinical and biochemical assays) did not vary substantially among the two groups. Patients in the treatment group were hospitalized at a rate of 30%, compared to 27% in the untreated control group (P<0.001). Between groups, there were no statistically significant changes in mortality,non - invasive oxygen demand, or hospitalization duration. Biochemical and Clinical outcomes were comparable between those receiving hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin and those do not receive any medication.Conclusion: This treatment regimen was shown to be not affective in mild to severe positve COVID-19 hospitalized patients and was associated with a small number of mild to moderate clinical adverse effects.