MMSL 2013, 82(3):115-119 | DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2013.016

MILITARY INCAPACITATING AGENT BZ (3-QUINUCLIDINYL BENZILATE) - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUREReview article

Jan Misík ORCID...*
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

The military incapacitating agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) is an anticholinergic compound that acts at both, the peripheral and central nervous system. Effects of the agent were discovered during the Cold War and BZ became one of the most potent anticholinergic psychomimetics, characterized by low effective doses causing long-term incapacitation. History, characteristics and potential use of BZ in behavioral research are discussed throughout this review.

Keywords: acetylcholine; neurotransmission; behavior; learning; memory

Received: March 23, 2013; Revised: August 14, 2013; Published: September 6, 2013  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Misík, J. (2013). MILITARY INCAPACITATING AGENT BZ (3-QUINUCLIDINYL BENZILATE) - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. MMSL, 82(3), 115-119. doi: 10.31482/mmsl.2013.016
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Harriz, R., Paxman, J. (1982) A higher form of killing. Arrow, new Ed. pp. 315.
    2. Mansfield, K.J., Liu, L., Mitchelson, F.J., Moore, K.H., Millard, R.J., Burcher, E. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human bladder detrusor and mucosa, studied by radioligand binding and quantitative competitive RT-PCR: changes with ageing. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 144, 1089-1099. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Lee, K.S., Nishimune, A., Yoshiki, H., Anisuzzaman, A.S., Suzuki, F., Wang, M.H., Cheng, J.T., et al. Assessment of novel muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cerebral cortex by a tissue segment binding method. J Pharmacol Sci. 2010, 112, 444-451. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Mezey, S.Z., Szekely, A.D., Bourne, R.C., Kabai, P., Csillag, A. Changes in binding to muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the chick telencephalon, following passive avoidance learning. Neurosci Lett. 1999, 270, 75-78. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Krejcova, G., Patocka, J., Slaninova, J. Effect of humanin analogues on experimentally induced impairment of spatial memory in rats. J Pept Sci. 2004, 10, 636-639. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Kunesova, G., Hlavacek, J., Patocka, J., Evangelou, A., Zikos, C., Benaki, D., Paravatou-Petsotas, M., et al. The multiple T-maze in vivo testing of the neuroprotective effect of humanin analogues. Peptides. 2008, 29, 1982-1987. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Sidell, F.R. (1982) Possible long-term health effects of short-term exposure to chemical agents. Vol. 1. Anticholinestrases and anticholinrgics. In: Panel on anticholinesterase chemicals, panel on anticholinergic chemicals, committee on toxicology, board on toxicology and environmental health hazards, eds. Pp. 284. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
    8. Liu, W.F., Hu, N.W., Beaton, J.M. Biphasic effects of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate on spontaneous motor activity in mice. Psychopharmacology. 1984, 84, 486-488. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Fusek, J., Bajgar, J., Kassa, J., Kuca, K., Jun, D. (2009) Psychomimetic Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate). In: Gupta RC.. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. London: Elsevier Inc., 1053.
    10. Fusek, J., Patocka, J., Bajgar, J., Koupilova, M., Hrdina, V. Anticholinesterase effects of 9-amino7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine. Activ. Nerv. Sup. 1986, 28, 327-328.
    11. McNamara, R.K., Skelton, R.W. The neuropharmacological and neurochemical basis of place learning in the Morris water maze. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1993, 18, 33-49. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. D'Hooge, R., De Deyn, P.P. Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001, 36, 60-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Tinsley, C.J., Fontaine-Palmer, N.S., Vincent, M., Endean, E.P., Aggleton, J.P., Brown, M.W., Warburton, E.C. Differing time dependencies of object recognition memory impairments produced by nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic antagonism in perirhinal cortex. Learn Mem. 2011, 18, 484-492. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. De-Mello, N., Carobrez, A.P. Elevated T-maze as an animal model of memory: effects of scopolamine. Behav pharmaco l. 2002, 13, 139-148. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Bymaster, F.P., Heath, I., Hendrix, J.C., Shannon, H.E. Comparative behavioral and neurochemical activities of cholinergic antagonists in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993, 267, 16-24. Go to PubMed...
    16. von Linstow Roloff, E., Harbaran, D., Micheau, J., Platt, B., Riedel, G. Dissociation of cholinergic function in spatial and procedural learning in rats. Neuroscience. 2007, 146, 875-89. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Klinkenberg, I., Blokland, A. The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: A review of animal behavioral studies. Neuroscience and behavioral reviews. 2010, 34, 1307-1350. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Doguc, D.K., Delibas, N., Vural, H., Altuntas, I., Sutcu, R., Sonmez, Y. Effects of chronic scopolamine administration on spatial working memory and hippocampal receptors related to learning. Behav pharmacol. 2012, 23, 762-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Stuchlik, A., Petrasek, T., Hatalova, H., Rambousek, L., Nekovarova, T., Vales, K. (2012). Behavioral Tests for Evaluation of Information Processing and Cognitive Deficits in Rodent Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. In: Schizophrenia in the 21st Century. Burne THJ (editor). Rijeka: InTech; pp.153-180.
    20. Misik, J., Vanek, J., Musilek, K., Kassa, J. Cholinergic antagonist 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate - impact on learning and memory in Wistar rats. Submitted.
    21. Hasselmo, M.E., McGaughy, J. High acetylcholine levels set circuit dynamics for attention and encoding and low acetylcholine levels set dynamics for consolidation. Prog Brain Res. 2004, 145, 207-231. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Van der Zee, E.A., Platt, B., Riedel, G. Acetylcholine: future research and perspectives. Behav Brain Res. 2011, 221, 583-586. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content