MMSL 2019, 88(2):54-62 | DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2018.042

ARMY MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO THE RISK OF INFECTIOUS VIRAL DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY INVASIVE MOSQUITO SPECIESReview article

Vanda Boštíková ORCID...1*, Hana Střítecká ORCID...2
1 Katedra epidemiologie, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví, Univerzita obrany, Česká republika
2 Katedra vojenského lékařství a vojenské hygieny, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví, Univerzita obrany, Česká republika

Virové infekční nemoci přenášené hmyzím vektorem (komár, klíště) jsou celosvětově na vzestupu. Severní Amerika zaznamenala  v roce 2016 například více než ctyřicet tisíc případů Lymské boreliózy, oproti 12 000 případů v roce 1995. Od roku 1999 do současnosti bylo na území USA zachyceno 38 000 nemocných West Nile virem, více než patnáct set osob onemocnění podlehlo. Onemocnění dengue, stejně jako chicungunya se začaly pravidelně vyskytovat mezi obyvatelstvem západní polokoule. Hmyzí vektor nerozlišuje mezi civilní a vojenskou populací. A jsou to právě vojáci, kdo velmi často žijí, pracují, trénují, operují ve venkovním prostředí dnes a denně na celém světě, vystaveni riziku expozice hmyzím vektorem, přenosu infekční nemoci, potencionálně i letální. Jen některá z těchto onemocnění jsou preventabilní očkováním, eventuelně lékovou profylaxí (př. malárie, pomineme-li rezistentní kmeny). Základním prostředkem proti tomuto typu virových nemocí proto stále zůstávají osobní ochranné pomůcky – u cestovatelů v první linii repelenty, u vojáků chemicky specielně ošetřené uniformy.

Keywords: Armáda; Aedes aegypti; žlutá zimnice; Zika virus; dengue; západonilská horečka; chikungunya; prevence; očkování; dezinfekce; permethrin; DEET; repelent; uniforma

Viral infectious diseases transmitted by  insect vectors such as mosquito or tick are growing world-wide. For example, more than forty thousand cases of Lyme Disease were detected in North America during 2016 year, compared to 12 000 cases in 1995. Since 1999 up today we have found  38 000 US patients infected by West Nile Virus. More than one thousand five hundred patients died. Dengue fever, as well as Chicungunya have begun to regularly occur between the population in the Western Hemisphere. Insect vector does not distinguish between civilian and military populations. And there are exactly soldiers, who often live, work, train, operate in the outdoors every day around the world, at risk of exposure of insect vector, infectious disease, potentially lethal. Just some of these diseases are preventable by vaccines. Anyway a personal protective equipment is still the basic protection for humans.

Keywords: Army; Aedes aegypti; yellow fever; Zika virus; dengue virus; West Nile virus; chikungunya; prevention; vaccination; disinfection; permethrin; DEET; repellent; uniform

Received: July 19, 2018; Accepted: November 28, 2018; Prepublished online: March 21, 2019; Published: June 7, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Boštíková, V., & Střítecká, H. (2019). ARMY MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO THE RISK OF INFECTIOUS VIRAL DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY INVASIVE MOSQUITO SPECIES. MMSL, 88(2), 54-62. doi: 10.31482/mmsl.2018.042
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Medlock JM, et al. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2015;23:1-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Schaffner F, et al. The mosquitoes of Europe. Montpellier, France: IRD Edition and EID Méditerranée; 2001.
    3. Leisnham PT, et al. Impacts of climate, land use, and biological invasion on the ecology of immature Aedes mosquitoes: implications for La Crosse emergence. EcoHealth. 2012;9(2):217-228. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Zammarchi D, et al. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning to Europe from Brazil, March 2015. Euro Surveill, 2015;23:21153. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Kesavaraju B, et al. Effect of malathion on larval competition between Aedes albopictus and Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2011;48(2):479-484. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Turell MJ, et al. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol. 2005;42(1):57-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. McNeill JR. Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Carribbean, 1620-1914. ISBN-13:978-0521459105.
    8. Capelli G, et al. First report in Italy of the exotic mosquito species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:188. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Pennetier C, et al. New protective battle-dress impregnated against mosquito vector bites. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Appel KE, et al. Risk assessment of Bundeswehr permethrin-impregnated battle dress uniforms. Int J Hyg Environ Helath. 2008;211:88-104. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Deparis X., et al. Disease vector control strategy in the French army. Med Trop 2001;61:87-90.
    12. Turell MJ, et al. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol. 2001;38:130-134. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Versteirt V, et al. Bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species Aedes koreicus in Belgium, Europe. J Med Entomol. 2012;49(6):1226-1232. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Jansen CC, et al.The dengue vector Aedes aegypti: what comes next? Microbes Infect. 2010; 12(4):272-279. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Kudlacek ST, et al. Physiological temperatures reduce dimerization of dengue and Zika virus recombinant envelope proteins. J of Biological Chemistry, 2018, doi 10.1074/jbc.RA118.002658. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Nawrocki SJ, et al. Further extension of the range of the rock pool mosquito, Aedes atropalpus, via tire breeding. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1989; 5(1):110-114.
    17. Enfissi J, et al. Zika virus genome from the Americas. Lancet. 2016;387:227-228. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Haddow MC, et al. Twelve isolations of Zika virus from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus (Theobald) taken in and above a Uganda forest. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;34:57-69.
    19. Wong SS. Zika virus - the next wave after dengue? J Formosan Medical Assoc. 2016;3:56-67. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Soumahoro MK, et al. Improted chikungunya virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:162-163. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Solomon T, et al. Neurologic manifestation of dengue infection. Lancet. 2000;344:1053-1059. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Gulati S, et al. Atypical manifestation of dengue. Trop Med Internat Health. 2007;12(9):1087-1095. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Idrees UA, et al. RNA: antiviral therapy against dengue virus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;13:232-236 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Choumet V, et al. Dengue and other flavivirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 2015;34(2):473-472. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Swan SH, et al. Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys. Int J Androl. 2010;33(2):259-269. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Pages F, et al. The past and present threat of vector-borne diseases in deployed troops. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(3):209-224. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Leggat PA. Dengue in northern Queensland, Australia: risk from travelers or risk to travelers? Travel med Infect Dis. 2009;7(4):123-137. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Simon F, et al. Chikungunya infection: an emerging rheumatism among travelers returned from Indian Ocean islands. Report of 47 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86(3):123-137. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Rozendaal J. Vector Control: Methods for use by individuals and communities. Geneva: WHO 1997.
    30. Hougard JM, et al. Comparative performaces, under laboratory conditions, of seven pyrethroid insecticides used for impregnation of mosquito nets. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(5):324-333. Go to PubMed...
    31. Deparis X, et al. Disease vector control strategy in the French army. Med Trop (Mars) 2001;61(1):87-90. Go to PubMed...
    32. Faulde M, et al. A new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects. Int J Med Microbiol. 2006;296(Suppl 40):225-229. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Faulde MK, et al. Factory-based permethrin impregnation of uniforms: residual activity against Aedes aegypti and Ixodes ricinus in battle dress uniforms worn under field conditions, and cross-contamination during the laundering and storage process. Mil Med. 2006;171(6):472-477. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Catts EP. Deet-impregnated net shirt repels biting flies. J Econ Entomol. 1968;61(6):1765. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Sebesta O, et al. An invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus found in the Czech Republic, 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(43):20301. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Sebesta O. Current presence of invasive mosquitoes species in Europe and risk their spreading to the Czech Republic. Hygiena. 2016;61(1):24-28. Go to original source...
    37. Rudolf I, et al. West Nile virus (linie 2) v komárech na jižní Moravě - očekávání prvních autochtonních lidských případů. Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie. 2018;1(67):44-46.
    38. Rettich F, et al. The invasive mosquitoes Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) firstly recorded in Bohemia, Czech Republic. Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie. 2018;1(67):32-35.
    39. Zehender G, et al. Reconstructing the recent West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic in Europe and Italy using discrete and continuous phylogeography. Plos One. 2017;12(7):e0179679. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content